Invictus

The movie Invictus taught a lesson of reconciliation, forgiveness, and unity. It was mainly based on one of many Nelson Mandela achievements which was to unite South Africa with the game of Rugby. Invictus took place in 1995, when South Africa was divided into black ands whites. Nelson Mandela was released from prison after 27 years and was elected as the first black President of South Africa. Mandela who was played by Morgan Freeman join forces with Pienaar; Matt Damon’s character, who was also the captain of South Africa’s rugby team; Springboks.The both of them worked together to try and win the World Cup championship and inspire South Africa, even when Pienaar was faced with much backlash from his team and family. Many of the whites in this movie and as well as those black supporters of Mandela, expected that Mandela as President would be an excellent outlet for revenge for those who were brutalized, humiliated and oppressed under the years of apartheid. However, Ne lson Mandela was different, he had overcome the prejudice and hate and did not succumb to such attitude, he didn’t allow it.He know that such actions wouldn’t benefit his country. Nelson was a leader, he was about reconstructing South Africa into a better nation. He went into office with a goal of reconciliation, which began with forgiveness. He first offered jobs to all those who were employed by the previous president, even those same ones who helped imprisoned him. The sport of Rugby, and the Springboks in general were considered symbols and a constant reminder of apartheid to the blacks of South Africa.They wanted to disband the team and start fresh, but Nelson Mandela felt that such actions would only hurt his country more that it already was. So with the help of him and his encouragement the Springboks remained South Africa’s national team, and with his order they helped coached various clinics throughout the country. Eventually Rugby, was South Africaâ₠¬â„¢s national. And when South Africa finally made it to the World cup, their entire country, both black and white, young and old, rich and poor cheered them on.Over all the movie was enjoyable. Morgan Freeman as Mandela and Matt Damon as Pienaar playing the role of a mentor and a motivational coach to his team and his family; the both of them coming together for one cause of uniting everyone, was an inspiring story. However, as far as the rugby scenes being shot, I felt that the action on the field was a little off. I really don’t know much about this sport to well and quite don’t understand the game itself but to me they just didn’t look the part.This movie had taught me and informed me more of Mandela and his actions in this light. It showed me how sports can also unify people. With forgiveness in your heart, as well as determination things are possible. We see the bond between Mandela and Pienaar, who were faced with obstacles but yet they succeeded at their goal. We see the relationship between Nelson Mandela’s security team. We see the Rugby team, majority white, reaching out to their community. And most of all we see the nation of South Africa rallying as one. Overall good movie with good elements.

Reading Body Language in Poker Essay

Body language is a part of nonverbal language. It includes things like stance, gestures, facial expressions, and even small things that are barely perceptible like a brief shrug of the shoulder or nod of the head. We frequently communicate both bodily and verbally and an estimated 70% of what we communicate may be nonverbal. There have been hundreds of books on body language but not many in poker. So this is a small attempt to put information that I have learnt while learning to read people at a poker table. I started by straight away applying the basic body language reads to a poker table like when a person leans in; it is sign of confidence, hence it translated that the player most likely has good cards. Another classic example is when a person rubs his hands after seeing his cards; this is sign that he is so excited to see the card that he can’t wait to play their cards. In short, a poker table is much like real world scenarios like class room, office, college, etc. When a player at a poker table gives away body language information, it is called a tell. So reading a player for tells is crucial for poker player’s game. Below is the order in which I read people at a poker table: 1. Feet and Legs (Most reliable) 2. Arms and Hands 3. Mouth 4. Eyes 5. Pacifying Behaviours (Least Reliable) Nice Legs! This is the most honest part of the body and can give loads of information. Most people while reading a person start from the top and scan towards the bottom. But believe me the other way round works much better and is far more reliable. Most people go to great lengths to hide what is on their faces but rarely do they focus on their legs. Legs carry so much information that it is relied upon by most pros and ignored by most amateurs in poker. Below are some of the common tells that you can spot at a poker table: * If a person has pointed his feet forward and after he receives his cards turns it away, it is clear sign of disengagement and he no longer wants to be involved in the hand. * If a person is constantly wiggling and bouncing his legs and then suddenly stops and pays attention, this is a sign that the person is about to bluff. * If a person’s feet go from flat to raised position – resting feet flat to raised heels/toes forward means that the person is ready to act. * When a person interlocks his feet, this is sign of nervousness. This means that the person is holding weak or marginal cards. * A variation of the above is after a person bets (a big bet) he wraps his legs around the legs of the chairs or table, it may suggest that he is bluffing. They are restraining themselves because they think other will detect his bluff. * When a player moves his feet positioned in front of his chair to under the chair indicates signs of weakness or bluffing. Let’s Get Our Hands Dirty Hands are an intimate part of poker. They are constantly moving and interacting with the chips and cards on the table, and sometimes even with players. Hands can reveal a lot of information. * Interlacing fingers behind the head is a very strong sign that the player is confident. So if you deciding to bluff don’t try it on this player. * When a player does a hand steeple, this is also another high confidence tell. * Interlacing of fingers and hand wringing is a sign of low confidence. * When a person looks at his cards and his hands tremble or reaching for chips and his hands are trembling, is a sign that he has great cards or as in poker we call it monsters. His hands got scared of the monster! Lips Don’t Lie Mouth are a great reading tool for tells in poker but as you come from the feet to the face, the tells get that much less reliable because players will be a lot more conscious of their tells when it comes to their face. The tells listed below are some of the classic tells in poker however one should tread cautiously when one is applying in a real game. * When a person smiles pulling his lips and there is no movement around his eyes is a classic tell of dishonesty (fake smile). Remember it is very difficult to pull off a full smile when you are unhappy so when you see a full smile with the corners of the eyes involved you can be sure he is honest about his representations on the table. * When a person presses his lips together is an indicator of high stress and low confidence. * Nail biting is another sign of low confidence. * Lip biting is a good indicator of stress and concern. * A subtle tell of lips are lip withdrawal; they indicate that stress is settling in slowly. * Lip licking and biting of objects like pen or chips are signs of pacifying when there is concern. * Tongue jetting out is another tell which indicates that the player got away with something. Eyes Are the Windows to the Soul Eyes are very good barometer of our feelings because we have very little control over them. I rely on eyes as an indicator often in my game. Here are some fool proof tells that I have used before: * When a player blocks his eyes either by closing his lids or blocking it with his fingers or palm or object, it is a sign that he does not want to see what’s coming. * This tell might take some used to getting used to but watching the eyes for dilation or constriction is 100% method to get the information out of your opponent. Remember when we like something our eyes dilate and when we don’t like something it constricts. So if a player is dissatisfied with his cards, his pupils will constrict. * Squinting of eyes indicate high concern. * Lowering of eyebrows is a sign of low confidence. * Arching of eyebrows is a good indication of positive feelings. Pacifying Behaviours These are the least reliable because most of the pacifying behaviours are just indicators of soothing oneself or discomfort at the maximum. Pacifying behaviours are done by players who are bluffing or players who are not. Hence, it must not be used in isolation and using them with other tells is the right way to go. * Touching the neck in the front and the back, exhaling through puffed cheeks and touching the face, forehead rubbing and earlobe pulling, air ventilating to the neck are good signs distress and pacifying. * Women will check the dimple on the neck when they are highly stressed or are fearful. Playing with a necklace or any neck jewelry is indicative of the same. Men will adjust their tie knots. Common Mistakes while Reading People 1. Not establishing baselines This is the most common mistake people do while reading people. Baselines are crucial in the field of body language. A person who usually bites his nails or bites his lips on a poker table will probably do the same, hence, must not be mistaken for weak hand or stress setting or low confidence. Hence, before reading any person a baseline must be established. 2. Reading tells in isolation Another mistake people do reading tells in isolation. You cannot expect a tell to occur in a person nor can you read a tell in isolation like biting lips. It should be congruent with what’s happening on the table and in reaction to what others are doing. In other words, you must ask yourself what was the motivation behind him giving away a particular tell. 3. Reading is not an exact science One of the essential skills in poker is reading your opponent but there are other aspects to the game like game theory, probability which has to be taken to account. Reading should always be used as one of your tools in making your decisions at a poker table. REFERENCES 1. Body Language: How to Read Others Thoughts by Their Gestures. Allan Pease. 1988. Sheldon Press 2. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-body-language.htm 3. Body Language. Julius Fast (1971). Pocket Books. 4. Unmasking the Face: A Guide to recognizing emotions from Facial Expressions. Paul Ekman and Wallace V. Freisen (2003). 5. Secret of No Limit Holdem: An ultimate guide to all-in texas hold’em poker. Howard Lederer. 6. Read’em and Reap: A Career FBI Agent’s Guide to Decoding Poker Tells. Joe Navarro and Marvin Karlins.

Velocity circus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Velocity circus - Essay Example Velocity circus is the only circus that managed to capture the world in one tent and kept it rising in the sky. This magnificent circus is unique and full of wonders of the world. There is nothing too big or small for their attention. They will do a terrific job of interrupting people’s themes. â€Å"This circus was established 1987 in San Leandro by Greg Angelo Herrera†. (Seabock 2). He is a genuine San Franciscan and the artistic director of Velocity Arts and Entertainment and Velocity Circus. The persona of his has become synonymous with the exceptional nature in which he demonstrates the quality of his arts and entertainment. When Greg Angelo has time, he goes to lecture at art schools and universities around the United States. As such, he is an active mentor, teacher and advocate of emerging artists. In this way he has been able to keep the circus up to date with emerging technologies and circus performance types. In this way, the circus is revitalized with new ide as and entertainment acts that ensure every second and subsequent visit feel like the first visit. As Velocity circus continues to inspire others by their uniqueness, this review will include: why they are unique, the author’s opinion on how they performed, and why people should actually visit such a performance. I have experienced wonder when I attended their performance this past Wednesday. They knew how to touch the heart of the audience member and enchant it with awe. Ultiamtely, Velocity has this way of tapping into every individual’s inner desires and preferences in circus entertainment and somehow seeking to meet them. In such a way, the Velocity circus in San Leandro is considered to be one of the most diverse, colorful and unique acts in the world. From magicians to flying acrobats; Velocity has it all. Whatever one desires and is interested in, they are bound to find it there. They also add some form of unique touch to their acts and performances which help t o distinguish it from other circus acts. Moreover, they are lively and can store vivid images of the experience in ones memory for a long period of time; ultimately building anticipation for a next visit. If I would compare Velocity with other circuses, it would be necessary to conclude that other circuses have the same pattern of characters. For example the clown, juggler and some animal acts. Yet, Velocity has more colorful, distinguished characters and every act is different; not like the other circuses. Furthermore, there are absolutely no animals in their acts. The first performance that I thought was gripping was with regards to the glow in the dark contortionists. â€Å"Probably it is the most visual thing you have ever seen† ( Jennings, News Caster ABC 7) .This act exceeded my expectations on every level. Its extreme yoga was able to add a certain element of grace to the performance. I was also highly impressed that she actually trained when she was 9 years old until now. I further loved this act because of the amount of dedication that she was able to put into her performance. In this way you can literally read it in her eyes and her moves. She does it with so much agility and respect that everyone in the audience went silent in amazement and admiration. The fact that she has dedicated a so much into her performance for so many years makes you appreciate it even more. The second performance that was especially noteworthy was with regards to the dancing act. The woman that threw my heart into a wonderful cardiac arrest was named Darkjia. I love the way she danced; it can only be described as something of a dancing goddess. It was the most amazing performance I have ever seen in my life, matching every beat with subconscious moves with her body. She danced like one without a spine; with such much flexibility you would think she has the body of a snake. She has a 3-year-old boy who resides in her home country of Mongolia. At the end of her perform ance she gives an account of her story. She is in San Francisco doing what she does best to be able to

ACCOUNTING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ACCOUNTING - Essay Example The organization entered into illegal accounting territory when $5.6 million of products that had been shipped early were returned. As a means of avoiding the revenue setbacks, the organization decided to conceal them by dispersing them between four departments, in effect allowing the organization to largely reflect the earlier robust financial statements. These accounting problems impacted the company’s financial statements as they erroneously reflected robust sales and revenue figures when in reality the payments for these products had not been received. In further concealing the true incoming revenues through dispersing losses among departments, the financial statements did not accurately reflect sales figures for the period, as this practice concealed a 6% loss. Two primary employees at Cutter & Buck were sanctioned for their participation in these accounting practices. The first employee is Stephen Lowber, the former chief financial officer. Lowber was sanctioned through paying a $50,000 fine and agreeing to not serve as an officer or director of a pubic company. In addition Lowber agreed to cooperate with investigators into detecting past accounting fraud at the company. The second employee involved was David ‘Andy’ Hilton, the former regional vice president for sales. Hilton was sanctioned through agreeing to pay a $25,000 fine. It’s clear that their actions pose ethical problems for the company. When one considers that the organization is a public company they are not simply responsible internally, but also must be responsible to stakeholders. Capital market research demonstrates that one of the primary contributing elements to shifting stock prices is revenue figures. Through the organization’s practice of recording revenue early and then concealing losses among departments, they were able to produce inaccurate statements that may have contributed to inflated equity valuations. Other groups of individuals

Airline Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Airline Marketing - Essay Example Thus, it is necessary for the company to decide which advertisement can work or not work for the company (Shaw 311). In this context, applicability of print advertising in the airline industry will be checked. The advantages and disadvantages of print advertisement will be offered. Print Advertising Print advertising normally includes newspapers, directories, technical press, leaflets, yellow pages, and magazines. In the UK, print advertising accounts for about 75% of all the advertising expenditure. It is estimated that some million advertisers’ use print media on a daily basis and that over 12000 publications are found in the UK (Blythe 486). Print adverting usually contains unasked for and sought after advertisements. Sought after advertisements is classified and categorized according to product brand and consumer need. These are advertisements are considered to be people’s choice as people seek out for them. They contain all the information required by the readers. Unsought after advertisements are the display advertisements that are made to be eye-catching and persuasive to the readers (Blythe 487). Some of the elements that make the unsought after advertisements gain the reader’s attention include: Text – the weight of the content tends to have a significant impact on capturing the reader’s attention. ... Permanence – it is important to note that print advertising unlike radio and TV is permanent. This is because the advertisement can be reread or clipped and saved. Among the print advertisements, magazines are kept for longer period than the newspapers while directories are normally kept for many years. Print media are easily read on airplanes, buses and on trains. This is because individuals rarely bring with them TVs or even radios on public transport. In such a case, the print advertising gets the readers full attention (Blythe 486). The success of advertising can be evaluated through checking coupon returns. Statistics are generally available on readership, circulation, and sales figures. These figures make the planning of media easier. Most of the magazines gather data on the reader’s characteristics and they are capable of telling potential advertisers about the readers’ demographics and the types of purchases they make (Blythe 487). Newspapers, magazines, and periodicals are the common types of print advertising used by most organizations as their marketing communication strategies. Each form of print advertising has its own advantages and disadvantages and thus it is the mandate of the organization or the company to choose the type of print advertising that suits them best. Newspapers are not costly hence; local retailers usually buy about 85% of them. Retailers use newspaper advertising extensively because it is relatively cheap in comparison with other forms of media advertisements. The newspapers offer local coverage thus a lot of money is not wasted in attempting to reach individuals outside the scope of company’s market area. It is timely and the advertisements can be placed prior to their appearance (usually

Community assessment of Marinette, Wisconsin Research Paper

Community assessment of Marinette, Wisconsin - Research Paper Example On the other hand, it is said that approximately ten percent of all families and 34 percent of families with a female householder and no husband present had incomes below the poverty level (Bayless, B. 2005). The below graph shows the poverty levels at the county of Marinette. The major cause of non violence related death in the county of Marinette is mainly the usually the lung related ailments and this are mainly caused by smoking of tobacco. It is reported that approximately about 15% of all the deaths which are reported in this county is due to smoking. It is also said that cigarette smoking do usually cause about 79% of all the lung cancer deaths in this county and about 13% of all the deaths in this county is due to heart related ailments (Bayless, B. 2005). According to the police unit in this county, the overall crime rate which was reported in this state is the highest in all the counties in the Wisconsin state. However, most of the crimes which are committed in this state mainly consist of petty robbery which is followed by burglary. Assault is also on the increase in this states and the below table highlights the crime rate at this country and it is based on statistics which were collected in the year 2004. As at the year 200, the major language which was spoken in this county is the Germany language and this was attributed to the fact most of the inhabitants of this county are whites from Germany and they consist about 37.8% of all the white population which is about 98.08%. Other primary languages which are spoken in this country include English and polish. The secondary language includes Spanish, French, Hindu and the native language. According to the below table, we can see that the population of this county is somehow composed of whites and the majority of the whites are from Germany and hence making it the major language which is spoken in this county. The Germans are also followed by the polish and of which some of them speak the Germany language. Marinette County, Wisconsin Estimate Total: 42,729 White alone 41,653 Black or African American alone 106 American Indian and Alaska Native alone 314 Asian alone 64 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone 0 Some other race alone 256 Two or more races: 336 Two races including Some other race 32 Two races excluding Some other race, and three or more races 304 Source: U.S Census Bureau, 2005-2007 American Community survey. What are the 3 main causes of death in the community The main cause of death in the community is mainly attributed to heart and lung related ailments. Most of these deaths are usually attributed to smoking of cigarettes which have affected most of the community members. Also

Corporate Governance and social responsibilities Essay

Corporate Governance and social responsibilities - Essay Example This began in the 1980s when the company put in place structures to check the sources of its funds and how the funds are spent in a transparent and accountable manner. This paper will discuss the extent to which the Coca Cola Company has incorporated corporate governance principles and social responsibility practices into its operations and how effective these strategies have been in fostering the growth of the company in the highly competitive soft drinks industry. Introduction Corporate governance refers to laws, processes and guidelines that a business is controlled, regulated, and operated in. The directors of Coca Cola have laid out factors that have led to improved corporate governance. The Coca Cola Company has been committed that guide corporations in dealing with that govern corporate governance. Corporate governance has been enforced by the shifting attention to high and risky profiles that have shifted the debate on corporate governance. In many cases the coca cola company has been faced with lawsuits from both the customers and employees over their operation errors. Rubach and Picou (2004, p.24), the role of corporate governance has been linked to the economic and social elements arising from the company activities. The Coca Cola Company has adopted the balance theory that sates that the company must find a balance between its internal activities and the activities of external shareholders. The relevant stakeholders that the coca cola company takes in consideration include shareholders, employees, competitors, suppliers and customers. The most relevant stakeholders that determine corporate governance include the shareholders. The institutional theory states that it is that role of the directors to maximize... The objective of this research is to acquire a better insight of corporate governance principles and social responsibility practices using the Coca Cola Company as an example. The Coca Cola Company has adopted the balance theory that sates that the company must find a balance between its internal activities and the activities of external shareholders. The relevant stakeholders that the coca cola company takes in consideration include shareholders, employees, competitors, suppliers and customers. The most relevant stakeholders that determine corporate governance include the shareholders. The institutional theory states that it is that role of the directors to maximize shareholders value because they are the owners the corporation. Davis asserts that the most important corporate governance policies seek to put an institution on more non financial perspective as opposed to the traditional institutional governance. Traditionally, governance of corporations was based on the sole objective s of profit maximization and cost minimization. Since its foundation, Coca cola has practiced traditional governance in its management but the directors in the 1980s came to realize that an organization of Coca Cola’s caliber could not operate on finances alone but the ways in which the finances are generated and used. The main areas that the directors of the Coca cola company have a focused on include endorsement of corporate governance in the company, parties to corporate governance , Corporate governance guidelines and ownership and structure in order to ensure good corporate governance.

A global perspective on Philadelphia Community Based Organizations Essay

A global perspective on Philadelphia Community Based Organizations - Essay Example des safe, engaging and fun learning experiences to help children and youth develop their social, emotional, physical, cultural and academic skills† - Debbie Stabenow. â€Å"Afterschool is the time when young people discover their interests and strengths hat often lead to decisions they will make as adults. This program will truly impact the lives of this young people with profound and positive long- term benefits.† – Gina Warner; Executive Director Partnership for Youth Development. In most of the schools, the ringing of the 3 p.m. normally marks the end of school day activities for many students. This means that they can go home and play and the same time do whatever they please. The students end up engaging in activities that are not productive since they have no one to guide them. The parents who would have guided them are busy the same time either at work or pursuing further studies. In turn, this had led to the children going through a series of poor performance. The pupils also don’t have the time to develop their potential in terms of creativity (Old Pine Community Centre). The Old Pine Community Centre Afterschool Program plays the role of ensuring that the students done waste their time. This is through the provision of the essential services like the supervised and safe environment. It also provides healthy meals and snacks, academic enriching activities and supportive and caring mentors for the students. The children are also taken through exercises which ensure that they are healthy. These activities are provided to the children and family that need most the support. The services are also offered in a cost effective manner compared to the gains that the children get. The program provides the children with the clubs that enable them to interact and share their interests. The services offered are done through qualified personnel such as the counselor or the teachers. This ensures that the services are of quality and addresses the issues

Sociology culture Essay Example for Free

Sociology culture Essay Question 1. What do chimpanzee and orangutan cultures have in common with human culture? Give examples of specific behaviors. Answer 1. These cultures are common because both have tool use, complex grooming and courtship. For example, young chimpanzees are taught how to crack nuts and when they run into technical problems the mother is always there to help them. This is quite like how humans would react. The parents teach the young how to complete and overcome certain task. Another example is the â€Å"leaf clipping† behavior. Just like how one set of humans might use one thing for a certain task, whereas another set might use the same thing for a completely different task is basically the same as how different sets of chimpanzees use the whole â€Å"leaf clipping† behavior. Question 2. Find the article on orca culture by Lisa Stiffler cited above. How do findings about orcas differ from those about chimpanzees? Answer 2. The findings about orcas differ from those of chimpanzees in many different ways. Even though they both have a complex culture, orcas communicate in a different ways, they move in groups led by females, they have different ways of pleasing themselves such as rubbing their bodies along rocks and they eat different things. Some orcas eat simple things like salmon others eat things like seals, sea lions and even sharks. One major difference is that instead of the mother Orca forcing/teaching the child how to obtain it’s own food like the chimpanzee learning how to crack nuts; the mother orca instead hunts the food, holds it in her mouth and allow her calves to chew on it. To top it all of orcas are also used for greeting ceremonies in some countries whereas Chimpanzees aren’t. Question 1. How does the culture of the Trobiand Islander affect their way of creating a calendar? Answer 1. Due to the fact that agriculture is the main focus of people’s lives within the Trobian Islanders, their calendar is based on the lunar cycles. Instead of having a fixed number of months, the number of months in a year for them could either be 12 or 13. This happens because they use the internal clock of a marine worm and basically decide how many months would be in a year based on this worm’s timing. If the worm does not show when they expect it to show, they would repeat the month hereby determining whether they’ll be 12 months or 13 months in the year. Question 2. What is another example of a calendar system that is not the same as that used by the majority of people in the United States? With what culture is it associated? Answer 2. Another example of a calendar system is the Mayan calendar. This calendar contains three different calendars; the Long Count, the Tzolkin and the Haab. These calendars in the Mayan system vary in the number of days as well as the number of months. It was used by most pre Columbian Central America cultures including the Maya around 2000 BC to the 16th century. However, the calendar got developed further by the Maya civilization and up to this day it is still in use by some of the Mayan communities.

My Mother in Garden Essay Example for Free

My Mother in Garden Essay Alice Walker also uses her own mother as a method to explain the way they are and the creativity they have lived in . She explains, Guided by my heritage of a love of beauty and respect for strength-in search of my mothers garden, I found my own. (Walker 675) This quote shows how Walker was able to find her own creativity by seeing her mothers creativity in the creation of her gardens. Walkers mother grew beautiful gardens at every single house they had ever lived in,it was so original in its design, and so magnificent with life and creativity. These gardens inspired Walker to a degree and by viewing her mothers creativity she was able to write and find her creativity in writing. This shows that even to this day, black women are keeping their creativity alive and passing it on to each new generation. Walkers mother kept her creativity alive by creating these beautiful gardens and through her keeping her creativity alive, she has given her creativity to her daughter and allowed her daughter to become the magnificent writer that she is today. Another quote said the mule of the world(Walker pg. 421 paragraph 4), explain how black women who were nothing more than bodies to be used were tread as tools for work or even impregnation . To the world around them, they had no creativity and certainly no intelligence, which forced their creative thoughts into suppression and their bodies into submission. They were not allowed to have creative thoughts and not allowed to think of art, or anything other than the work they were assigned to do, breaking them further and further away from their creative instincts and deeper into the forced labor they had to carry out day in and day out. However, even though they were so beaten down and ruined by the world around them, that creativity was still present within them and, given the chance, they could have been the artists they were meant to be, express themselves freely like so many white men and women of that time period . Alice Walkers essay In Search of Our Mothers Gardens explains the hardships that black women had to endure and their perseverance in maintaining their creativity throughout. Although these women were beaten down and destroyed by the world around them, they still managed to use the little amount of creativity they had in them to create masterpieces and pass down their creativity from generation to generation.

Phonological Neighborhood Size on Verbal Short-term Memory

Phonological Neighborhood Size on Verbal Short-term Memory NG LI JIA For several decades, researchers tried to understand the dynamics of short-term memory in speech processing and word recall. However, data were contradictory due to different lines of inquiry using varying methodologies. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of word recall and short-term memory remains an elusive, but not an impossible task. It is important to pinpoint how short-term memory and long-term memory interact so that light can be shed on illnesses which can affect speech articulation (Caplan, Michaud, Hufford, 2013). Current research focused on neighborhood size effect on the serial recall of words. Neighborhood size refers to the number of phonologically-similar words on a list that is serially recalled. Many experiments have shown that word recall was worse using lists with many phonologically similar words, i.e. words with a large neighborhood size. Roodenrys (2009) concluded the efficacy of word recall was more affected by large neighborhood size and frequency due to phonological similarities. However, when Roodenrys replicated Goh Pisonis (2003) experiments using words that were not neighbors on the same list, no effects were found for either large or small populations. The following experiment utilize lists where neighbors are present in set but not on same lists. It will also utilize lists where neighbors are present in list but not present in set. Therefore, hypothesized that serial recall will be more significantly than small neighborhood sizes as opposed to large neighborhood sizes where words are present in list but not in same set. In addition, it is hypothesized that significant effects will be noted by small neighborhood sizes on serial word recall when no neighbors appear in the set. Examination of past experimental methodologies is in order to determine where errors were made and how to navigate the best approach to prove or disprove the aforementioned hypotheses. Jalbert, Neath Suprenant (2011) showed that word length and concurrent articulation negated neighborhood size effects in mixed lists. Concurrent articulation is defined as when a word that is to be recalled is spoken or articulated almost simultaneously, adding a so-called cognitive load as well as noise to the to-be-remembered items (Jalbert et al., 2011). This study demonstrated that small neighborhood size was affected very little by concurrent articulation. The studys design was marred by the fact that such small sample was used. That is, only ten subjects were tested small number from which to collect meaningful data. Furthermore, it stands to reason that studies should use subjects who have similar educational backgrounds and/or similar ages, thereby eliminating confound. Older people may show quicker decay time when shown a word, thus slowing down process of redintegration. However, recalling longer words from larger neighborhood sizes, higher-educated people would be more familiar with lists and/or sets of words of longer lengths. In this study, English was native language of the subjects. However, they failed to mention whether subjects had proficiency in second language, a skill which could help recalled CVC (consonant-verb-consonant) words, or even with longer nonsense words. Example, if a subject was shown the nonsense word geto, subject may use secondary language to recall similar word gato which, in Spanish, means cat, or homonyms such as paro (a nonsense word) and pero, meaning but in Spanish, assisting in a different mechanism of recall other than a phonological loop. Goh and Pisoni (2008) used 56 subjects of roughly the same age and educational level in the first experiment of their study, thus potentially eliminating age and educational level variability and gathered more data from the subjects. Goh and Pisoni (2008) also considered short-term memory span (STM) and measured this variable accordingly, using the nine-digit span. The researchers found that all subjects scored about the same. However, this studys aim to measure lexical competition based on frequency and density of neighborhood sizes. They found that lexical competition among item-specific information for easy versus hard words in non-repeated lists was performed mainly in long-term memory (LTM) (Goh and Pisoni, 2008). The researchers assumed LTM and STM are static entities and they are not in flux. Moreover, their definitions of experimental effects fit STM versus LTM are ambiguous. The abovementioned researchers did not use nonsense words in their experiments, which would have served as a significant variable for determining boundaries of LTM and STM, because nonsense words are less frequent in large populations. Nonsense words would help eliminate lexical density in neighborhood populations and further define process of redintegration, i.e. how words decay into STM traces are somehow retrieved and reconstructed. Roodenrys et al. (2002) conducted similar study using 24 Australian subjects, all of them native English speakers. Roodenrys et al.s (2002) contradicted other findings that found speech perception in lexical properties playing a role in redintegration of words. Rather, these experiments pointed squarely to phonological processing rather than speech perception. While the design and methodology were sound, researchers failed to account for cultural. The results of all four experiments revealed a counterintuitive result, i.e. effects of neighborhood frequency had little impact on word recall. Roodenrys (2002) stressed that most of the word recall effects in their experiments were mediated by speech-production mechanisms. Researchers especially Roodenrys contended lexical memory equates with LTM. However, their line of reasoning is unsound. It seems the time elapsed between seeing a word and its recall should constitute one definition of how STM of word lists and intrusion errors across sets could delineate the boundary between STM and LTM. Another consideration, is the effect of pattern recognition on recall accuracy as well as the potential effect on LTM. Furthermore, there may not be a universal wiring schematic for individual. Finally, many of these questions will be investigated in this experiment and variables will be held constant to accurately calculate the effect of independent variable(s), and conclusive data will be collected to prove or disprove hypotheses that predict significant effects of small neighborhood sizes when no neighborhood words are on list but in a set and predicting significant effects of small neighborhood sizes (as opposed to large neighborhood sizes) when no neighborhood words appear in the set. References Caplan, D., Michaud, J., Hufford, R., (2013). Short Term Memory, Working Memory, and Syntactic Comprehension in Aphasia. Cognitive Neuropsychology 30(2). doi: 10.1080/02643294.2013.803958. Goh, W. D., Pisoni, D. B. (2003). Effects of lexical competition on immediate memory span for spoken words. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 56A, 929-954. Jalbert, A., Neath, I. Suprenant, A.M. (2011). Does length or neighbourhood size cause the word length effect. Memory Cognition, 39, 1198-1210. Roodenrys, S., Hulme, C., Lethbridge, A., Hinton, M., Nimmo, L.M., (2002). Word-Frequency and Phonological-Neighborhood Effects on Verbal Short-Term Memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 28(6): 1019- 1034. Roodenrys, S., (2009). Explaining Phonological Neighbourhood Effects in Short-Term Memory. Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences. Retrieved from http://ro.uow.edu.au/hbspapers/1693/

The Process of Respiration Essay -- Science

Aerobic: in general 1. occurs in presence of oxygen. 2. CO2 and water is produced 3. lot of energy is liberated (38 ATP) 4.occurs in plants' and animals' cells 5. C6H12O6 --> CO2 + H2O + ATP (Energy) ATP from aerobic respiration of glucose For longer periods of exercise muscle cells need oxygen supplied by the blood for aerobic respiration. This provides far more energy (36 molecules of ATP from each molecule of glucose), but the rate at which it can be produced is limited by how quickly oxygen can be provided. This is why you can’t run a marathon at the same speed as a sprint. Anaerobic: 1. occurs in absence of oxygen 2. Lactic Acid or Alchol is produced 3. relatively small energy is liberated (2ATP) 4. occurs in many anaerobic bacteria and human muscle cells. 5. in muscles, lactic acid is produced while bacteria as Yeast produces Alcohol (Ethanol) 6. C6H12O6 --> Lactic acid / C2H5OH + ATP ATP from anaerobic respiration of glucose Anaerobic respiration doesn’t provide much ATP (2 ATP molecules for each glucose molecule),but it is quick, since it doesn’t r...

Comparing the Epic of Gilgamesh, Hesiods Theogony, and Ovids Metamorp

Comparing the Epic of Gilgamesh, Hesiod's Theogony, and Ovid's Metamorphoses   Ã‚   There are many parallels between the Epic of Gilgamesh, Hesiod's Theogony, and Ovid's Metamorphoses. The first similarity is immediately apparent: structure. We can view the structure of the Gilgamesh story as three concentric circles: a story within a story within a story. In the outer circle, a narrator prepares the audience for the primary narrative, contained within the second circle: the tale of Gilgamesh's adventures. Within this second circle a third narrative, the flood story, is told to Gilgamesh by Utanapishtim. Ovid's Metamorphoses is told in a similar way: Ovid starts out by telling of his intention and invoking the gods' help to tell the story. He then tells many tales as the primary narrative, and within the primary narrative exists other narratives, such as "Venus tells Adonis the story of Atalanta" in Book 10. Even Hesiod's Theogony is similar to some extent. He has a bit of a prologue in which he explains how the Muses have inspired him to write of the creat ion, and then he enters the primary creation narrative. This method of storytelling does a variety of things. First, it prepares the reader to accept the story. In Gilgamesh, the narrator tells us that Gilgamesh has set down his adventures in his own hand. This leads the reader to accept the story as an authoritative one, especially considering it has come from a mortal, like us, who is part god. Because Gilgamesh is part god, we realize that if he can accept his lot in life, his mortality, then we mere mortals should be able to do the same. In Theogony, Hesiod prepares his audience to accept the story by telling (ad nauseum) that the Muses have worked through him to create... ...M.E.L. Early Mesopotamia and Iran. McGraw-Hill: New York, 1965. Ovid. Metamorphoses. Trans. Rolfe Humphries. Bloomington, IN: Indiana UP, 1983. Rosenberg, Donna. "Gilgamesh." World Mythology: An Anthology of the Great Myths and Epics. 3rd ed. Lincolnwood, IL: NTC Publishing Group, 1999. 26-57. Swisher, Clarice. The Ancient Near East. Lucent Books: San Diego, 1995. Works Consulted The "Epic of Gilgamesh": An Outline. Online. 15 Feb. 2000. http://www.hist.unt.edu/ane-09.htm Sumerian Mythology FAQ. Online. 15 Feb. 2000. http://webster.unh.edu/%7Ecbsiren/sumer-faq.html Gardner, John and John Maier. Gilgamesh: Translated from the Sin-leqi-unninni version. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984. Harris, Stephen L. â€Å"Gilgamesh.† The Humanist Tradition in World Literature. Ed. Stephen Harris. Columbus, OH: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co., 1970.

Food Waste Essay

Food waste or food loss is food material that is discarded or unable to be used. Various political organizations and entities have their own definition of what constitutes food waste. The causes of wasted food are numerous, and occur at the stages of production, processing, and retailing. As of 2011, 1.3 billion tons of food, about one third of the global food production, is lost or wasted annually. Loss and wastage occurs on all steps in the food supply chain. In low-income countries, most loss occurs during production, while in developed countries much food – about 100 kilograms (220 lb) per person and year – is wasted at the consumption stage. Definitions of food waste vary, among other things, in what food waste consists of, how it is produced, and where or what it is discarded from or generated by. Definitions also vary because certain groups do not consider (or have traditionally not considered) food waste to be a waste material, due to its applications. Some defi nitions of what food waste consists of are based on other waste definitions (e.g. agricultural waste) and which materials do not meet their definitions. Here are some of the facts about the wastage of food: †¢If we planted trees on land currently used to grow unnecessary surplus and wasted food, this would offset a theoretical maximum of 100% of greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion. †¢10% of rich countries’ greenhouse gas emissions come from growing food that is never eaten. †¢UK Households waste around 20% of all the food they buy – but the good news is that this suggests a 17% reduction since 2007. †¢Roughly one third of the food produced in the world for human consumption every year — approximately 1.3 billion tonnes — gets lost or wasted. †¢Every year, consumers in rich countries waste almost as much food (222 million tonnes) as the entire net food production of sub-Saharan Africa (230 million tonnes). †¢The amount of food lost or wasted every year is equivalent to more than half of the world’s annual cereals crop (2.3 billion tonnes in 2009/2010). In developing and developed countries which operate either commercial or industrial agriculture, food waste can occur at most stages of the food industry and in significant amounts. In subsistence agriculture, the amounts of food waste are unknown, but are likely to be insignificant by comparison, due to the limited stages at which waste can occur, and given that food is grown for projected need as opposed to a global marketplace demand. Nevertheless, on-farm losses in storage in developing countries, particularly in African countries, can be high although the exact nature of such losses is much debated. Research into the food industry of the United States, whose food supply is the most diverse and abundant of any country in the world, found food waste occurring at the beginning of food production. From planting, crops can be subjected to pest infestations and severe weather, which cause losses before harvest. Since natural forces (e.g. temperature and precipitation) remain the prima ry drivers of crop growth, losses from these can be experienced by all forms of outdoor agriculture. The use of machinery in harvesting can cause waste, as harvesters may be unable to discern between ripe and immature crops, or collect only part of a crop. Economic factors, such as regulations and standards for quality and appearance, also cause food waste; farmers often harvest selectively, preferring to leave crops not to standard in the field (where they can be used as fertilizer or animal feed), since they would otherwise be discarded later. One way of dealing with food waste is to reduce its creation. This attitude has been promoted by campaigns from advisory and environmental groups, and by concentrated media attention on the subject. Consumers can reduce their food waste output at points-of-purchase and in their homes by adopting some simple measures; planning when shopping for food is important, and spontaneous purchases are shown as often the most wasteful. Proper knowledge of food storage reduces foods becoming inedible and thrown away. Through initiatives such as Cambio verde, farmers can provide surplus produce (produce they would otherwise discard due to too low prices/kg) to people that provide glass, and other waste.

The Tyra Banks Show and Diversity in the Media

Among the most popular among current TV programs is the Tyra Banks Show which is taped live in front of a live audience in New York. The show, which lasts for an hour and is aired in syndication by Warner Bros., debuted in September 2005. Currently running in its third season, the Emmy Award-winning show has aired over 357 episodes and is set to run for at least two more seasons.(www.wikipedia.com) The Tyra Banks Show is a talk-show fashioned after Oprah Winfrey’s Oprah, which banks on its anchor/creator’s celebrity and fame to draw viewers. The show itself is named after the celebrity who lends credibility and ensures a captive audience from the ranks of millions of adoring fans. The show’s main target, however, are women or specifically, young African-American women who can easily identify with or who wish to emulate its host, Tyra Banks. As a talk-show, the Tyra Banks Show is packaged by its producers to provide an equal dose of information and entertainment to its audience, covering a wide variety of topics from beauty to women’s issues and concerns. Among the notable episodes, however, are the ones where the former supermodel goes on undercover missions to reveal to the viewers the experiences of women in vulnerable situations from Tyra’s own first hand accounts (e.g. women who suffer from weight discrimination, women in prison, and women working in strip clubs). The show also tackles the issue of racial discrimination.(www.tyrashow.com) Interestingly, the Tyra Banks’ success is resoundingly similar to Oprah Winfrey’s own success as a celebrity-host due to the fact that each episode of her TV show puts her in unique situations. For instance, Tyra is made to put on heaps of prosthetics to become a 350-pound woman so she can feel how it feels to be discriminated against because of her weight. She also spent a day in prison to better understand the reasons of women’s incarceration. Clearly, the Tyra Banks Show is an attempt at addressing the diversity in American culture and identity. It was created to provide women, especially African-American women, in response to the growth of the African American population which was seen by advertisers as a â€Å"profitable base for sustaining minority media.† (Dickson 2) Consequently, there has been an observable increase not only in the number of African-American actors, actresses, and TV hosts as the demand for African American-oriented television programs have risen. Undeniably, Tyra’s success in breaking through the male-dominated Hollywood talk show industry is a feat in itself and her being African-American at the same time makes it even more tempting to view her as the epitome of empowerment. Her success in The Tyra Banks Show parallels her success as a runway model at a time when White was the ultimate symbol of beauty and the public was reluctant to widen its standards. Tyra Banks is therefore the perfect representation of a woman who broke through stereotypes, which adds gravity to her capacity and credibility to discuss issues and problems that women and African-American populations confront. However, Tyra’s own identity as a media-invented stereotype of beauty for African-Americans (waif-thin, tall, flawless skin, perfect white teeth) has the ability to contradict the causes she supports.   Tyra’s background as a supermodel, coupled with segments in the show featuring beauty tips and â€Å"Tailored by Tyra makeovers† also negate her advocacy for a beauty ideal that goes beyond physical appearance. Nevertheless, the Tyra Banks show fosters a better understanding of diversity and multi-culturalism. Despite its limitations, its success is a revealing indication that African-American representation is slowly but surely gaining ground in the mainstream media. The show is also a reflection on the lives and culture of African-American communities, which makes it an important source of knowledge for understanding and appreciating the diversity in American society. Works Cited: Dickson, J. (2006). The representation of African-American women in television advertisements. McNair Scholars’ Journal, 1: 1-12. The Tyra Banks Show website accessed on 03/15/2008 from Wikipedia.com accessed on 03/15/2008 from      

Adulteration

Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD-STUFFS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT iCBSE. com CHEMISTRY PROJECT WORK Name: Agilan Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD Seal 3 | P a g e Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my chemistry mentor Mrs. Shirley Zachariah, f or he r v i t a l s up por t , g u i da nc e a n d e nc our a g e me n t – wi t ho ut whi c h t hi s pr oj ec t woul d not ha ve c ome f or t h. I woul d a l s o l i ke t o express my gratitude to the lab assistant Mrs.Julie Sam for her support during t he maki ng of t hi s pr oj ect . iCBSE. com 4 | P a g e Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD S. No. Cont ent s Page No. I. Obj ecti ve 6 II. Introduction 8 III. Theory 9 IV. Experiment 1 10 iCBSE. com V. Experiment 2 11 VI. Experiment 3 12 VII. Resul t 13 VIII. Conclusion 14 IX. Bi bl i og r aphy 15 5 | P a g e Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD The Objective of this project is to study some of the common food adulterants present in different food stuffs. iCBSE. com 6 | P a g e Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD CBSE. com 7 | P a g e Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD Adulteration in food is normally present in its most crude form; pr ohi bi t e d s ubs t anc es ar e e i t her a dded or par t l y o r whol l y s ubs t i t ut ed. Nor ma l l y t he c ont ami na t i on/ a dul t er a t i o n i n f ood i s done ei t he r f or f i nanc i a l gai n or due to carel essness and l ack i n proper hygi eni c condi ti on of processi ng, storing, transportation and marketing. This ultimately results that the consumer is either cheated or often become victim of diseases.Such types of adulteration are quite common in developing countries or backward countries. It is equally important for the consumer to know the common adulterants and t hei r ef f ec t on heal t h. iCBSE. com 8 | P a g e Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD The increasi ng number of food producers and the outstanding amount of import foodstuffs enables the producers to mislead and cheat consumers. To differentiate those who take advantage of legal rules from the ones who commit food adulteration is very difficult. The consciousness of consumers woul d be c r uc i al .I g nor a nc e an d unf ai r ma r ket be havi or may enda nger consumer health and misleading can lead to poisoning. So we need simple screening tests for their detection. iCBSE. com In the past few decades, adulteration of food has become one of the serious problems. Consumption of adulterated food causes serious diseases l i ke cancer, di arr hoea, ast hma, ul cers , etc. Maj ori ty of f ats , oi l s and butter are par af f i n wa x , c as t or oi l a nd hydr oc ar bons . Red c hi l l i po wde r i s mi x e d wi t h br i c k powder a nd pe pper i s mi x ed wi t h dr i e d pa paya s ee ds .Thes e a dul t er ant s c an be eas i l y i de nt i f i ed by s i mpl e c he mi c al t es t s . Several agencies have been set up by the Government of India to remove adulterants from food stuffs. AGMARK – acronym for agricultural marketing†¦. this organization certifies food products for their quality. Its objective is to promote the Grading and Standardization of agricultural and allied commodities. 9 | P a g e Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD To detect the presence of adulterants in fat, oil and butter. REQUIREMENTS iCBSE. com Test-tube, acetic anhydride, conc. H SO , a c e t i c a c i d , c onc . HNO . PROCEDURE 4 Common adulterants present in ghee and oil are paraffin wax, hy dr oc ar bo ns , dyes and ar gemo ne oi l . The s e ar e de t ec t e d as f ol l ows : 3 (i) Adulteration of paraffin wax and hydrocarbon in vegetable ghee Heat small amount of vegetable ghee with acetic anhydride. Droplets of oil floating on the surface of unused acetic anhydride indicates the pr es enc e of wax or hy dr oc ar bons . (ii) Adulteration of dyes in fat Heat 1mL of fat with a mixture of 1mL of conc. sulphuric acid and 4mL of acet i c ac i d.Appear ance of pi nk or r ed col our i ndi cat es pr es enc e of dye i n f at . (iii) Adulteration of argemone oil in edible oils To small amount of oil in a test-tube, add few drops of conc. HNO and shake. Appearance of red colour in the acid layer indicates pr es enc e of ar gemo ne oi l . 3 10 | P a g e Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD To detec t the presence o f adul terants i n suga r REQUIREMENTS Test-tubes, dil. HCl. iCBSE. com PROCEDURE Sugar is usually contaminated with washing soda and other insoluble substances which are detected as follows : (i) Adulteration of various insoluble substances in sugarTake small amount of sugar i n a test-tube and shake it with l ittle wat e r . Pur e s ugar di s s ol ves i n wa t er but i ns ol ubl e i mpur i t i es do not di s s ol ve. (ii) Adulteration of chalk powder, washing soda in sugar To s mall amount of sugar i n a test- tube, add few drops of dil. HCl. Brisk effervescence of CO shows the presence of chal k powder or was hi ng s oda i n t he g i ve n s ampl e of s ugar . 2 11 | P a g e Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD To detec t the presence o f adul terants i n sampl es of chi l l i powder, turmeric powder and pepperREQUIREMENTS Test-tubes, conc. HCl , di l. HNO iCBSE. com , KI s ol ut i on PROCEDURE 3 Common adulterants present in chilli powder, turmeric powder and pepper a r e r e d c ol our ed l ea d s al t s , ye l l o w l ead s al t s a nd dr i e d papa ya s eeds respecti vel y. They are detected as follows : (i) Adulteration of red lead salts in chilli powder To a sample of chi ll i powder, add dil. HNO . Filter the solution and add 2 drops of potassium iodide solution to the filtrate. Yellow ppt. i ndi cates the presence of l ead sal ts i n chi l l i powder. 3 ii) Adulteration of yellow lead salts to turmeric powder To a sample of turmeric po wder add conc. HCl. Appearance of magenta col our shows t he presence of yel l ow oxi des of l ead i n t ur mer i c powder . (iii) Adulteration of brick powder in red chilli powder Add small amount of given red chilli powder in beaker containing wat e r . Br i c k powder s et t l es at t he bot t o m whi l e pur e c hi l l i powder floats over water. (iv) Adulteration of dried papaya seeds in pepper Add small amount of sample of pepper to a beaker containing water and stir with a glass rod.Dried papaya seeds being lighter float over wat e r whi l e pur e pepper s e t t l es at t he bo t t om. 12 | P a g e Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD EXPT. NO. EXPERI MENT PROCEDURE OBSERVATION 1. Adulterati on of paraff i n wax and hydr ocarbon i n veget abl e ghee 2. Adulterati on of dyes i n f at 3. Adulterati on of argemone oil in edible oi l s 4. Adulterati on of var i ous i ns ol ubl e substances in sugar Heat small amount of veget abl e ghee wi t h ac et i c anhydride. Dro plets of oil f l oat i ng on t he s ur f ac e of unused acet i c anhydri de i ndi cat e t he pr es ence of wax CBSE. com H 2 or hydr ocar bon. Heat 1mL of fat with a mixture of 1mL of conc. SO 4 and 4mL of acetic acid. To smal l amount of oi l i n a test tube, add few drops of conc. HNO 3 & shake. Take smal l amount of sugar i n a t es t t ube a nd s hake i t with little water. di s s ol ve. 5. Adulterati on of chal k powder , washi ng soda i n s ugar 6. Adeulterati on of yel l ow l ea d s al t s t o turmeric powder 7. Adulterati on of red l ead s a l t s i n c hi l l i powder 8. Adulterati on of brick powder i n chi l l i powder 9. Adulterati on of dried papaya seeds i n pepper To smal l amount of sugar i n a est tube, add a few drops of di l . HCl . To sampl e of t urmeri c powder , add conc. HCl . To a sampl e of chi l l i powder, add dil. HNO . Filter the solution and add 2 drops of KI solution to the filtrate. 3 Add smal l amount of gi ven red chilli powder in a beaker containi ng water. Add smal l amount of sample of pepper t o beaker containing water and stir with a glass rod. Appearance of oil f l oat i ng on t he surface. Appearance of pink colour. No red colour obs er ved Pure sugar di s s ol ves i n wa t er but i ns ol ubl e i mpuri ti es do not No brisk effervescence obs er ved. Appearance of agenta colour No yellow ppt. Br i ck powder set t l es at the bottom while pure chi l l i powder f l oat s over wat er . Dried papaya seeds bei ng l i ghter fl oat over wat er whi l e pure pepper settl es at the bottom. 13 | P a g e Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD Selection of wholesome and non-adulterated food is essential for daily l i f e to make sure t hat s uch f oods do not cause any heal t h hazar d. I t i s not pos s i bl e t o e ns ur e whol es ome f ood onl y o n v i s ual ex ami na t i o n whe n t he t ox i c contaminants are present in ppm level.However, visual examination of the food before purchase makes sure to ensure absence of insects, visual fungus, foreign matters, etc. Therefore, due care taken by the consumer at the time of pur c has e of f ood af t er t hor oughl y e x ami ni ng c a n be of gr ea t he l p. S ec ondl y, l abel decl arati on on packed f ood i s ver y i mportant f or knowi ng t he i ngredi ents and nutritional value. It also helps in checking the freshness of the food and t he per i od of bes t bef or e us e.The cons umer s houl d avoi d t aki ng f ood f r om an unhy gi e ni c pl ac e and f ood bei ng pr epa r ed under unhyg i eni c c ondi t i ons . S uc h t ypes of f ood may caus e var i ous di s eas es . Cons umpt i on of cut f r ui t s bei ng s ol d i n unhygi eni c condi ti ons shoul d be avoi ded. I t i s al ways bet ter to buy cert i f i ed food from reputed shop. iCBSE. com 14 | P a g e Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD iCBSE. com ENCARTA ENCYCLOPEDIA 2009 www. wikipedia. com www. answers. com www. google. com 15 | P a g e

Part Three Chapter I

Duplicity 7.25 A resolution should not deal with more than one subject †¦ Disregard of this rule usually leads to confused discussion and may lead to confused action †¦ Charles Arnold-Baker Local Council Administration, Seventh Edition I ‘†¦ ran out of here, screaming blue murder, calling her a Paki bitch – and now the paper's called for a comment, because she's †¦' Parminder heard the receptionist's voice, barely louder than a whisper, as she passed the door of the staff meeting room, which was ajar. One swift light step, and Parminder had pulled it open to reveal one of the receptionists and the practice nurse in close proximity. Both jumped and spun round. ‘Doct' Jawan – ‘ ‘You understand the confidentiality agreement you signed when you took this job, don't you, Karen?' The receptionist looked aghast. ‘Yeah, I – I wasn't – Laura already – I was coming to give you this note. The Yarvil and District Gazette's rang. Mrs Weedon's died and one of her granddaughters is saying – ‘ ‘And are those for me?' asked Parminder coldly, pointing at the patient records in Karen's hand. ‘Oh – yeah,' said Karen, flustered. ‘He wanted to see Dr Crawford, but – ‘ ‘You'd better get back to the front desk.' Parminder took the patient records and strode back out to reception, fuming. Once there, and facing the patients, she realized that she did not know whom to call, and glanced down at the folder in her hand. ‘Mr – Mr Mollison.' Howard heaved himself up, smiling, and walked towards her with his familiar rocking gait. Dislike rose like bile in Parminder's throat. She turned and walked back to her surgery, Howard following her. ‘All well with Parminder?' he asked, as he closed her door and settled himself, without invitation, on the patient's chair. It was his habitual greeting, but today it felt like a taunt. ‘What's the problem?' she asked brusquely. ‘Bit of an irritation,' he said. ‘Just here. Need a cream, or something.' He tugged his shirt out of his trousers and lifted it a few inches. Parminder saw an angry red patch of skin at the edge of the fold where his stomach spilt out over his upper legs. ‘You'll need to take your shirt off,' she said. ‘It's only here that's itching.' ‘I need to see the whole area.' He sighed and got to his feet. As he unbuttoned his shirt he said, ‘Did you get the agenda I sent through this morning?' ‘No, I haven't checked emails today.' This was a lie. Parminder had read his agenda and was furious about it, but this was not the moment to tell him so. She resented his trying to bring council business into her surgery, his way of reminding her that there was a place where she was his subordinate, even if here, in this room, she could order him to strip. ‘Could you, please – I need to look under †¦' He hoisted the great apron of flesh upwards; the upper legs of his trousers were revealed, and finally the waistband. With his arms full of his own fat he smiled down at her. She drew her chair nearer, her head level with his belt. An ugly scaly rash had spread in the hidden crease of Howard's belly: a bright scalded red, it stretched from one side to the other of his torso like a huge, smeared smile. A whiff of rotting meat reached her nostrils. ‘Intertrigo,' she said, ‘and lichen simplex there, where you've scratched. All right, you can put your shirt back on.' He dropped his belly and reached for his shirt, unfazed. ‘You'll see I've put the Bellchapel building on the agenda. It's generating a bit of press interest at the moment.' She was tapping something into the computer, and did not reply. ‘Yarvil and District Gazette,' Howard said. ‘I'm doing them an article. Both sides,' he said, buttoning up his shirt, ‘of the question.' She was trying not to listen to him, but the sound of the newspaper's name caused the knot in her stomach to tighten. ‘When did you last have your blood pressure done, Howard? I'm not seeing a test in the last six months.' ‘It'll be fine. I'm on medication for it.' ‘We should check, though. As you're here.' He sighed again, and laboriously rolled up his sleeve. ‘They'll be printing Barry's article before mine,' he said. ‘You know he sent them an article? About the Fields?' ‘Yes,' she said, against her own better judgement. ‘Haven't got a copy, have you? So I don't duplicate anything he's said?' Her fingers trembled a little on the cuff. It would not meet around Howard's arm. She unfastened it and got up to fetch a bigger one. ‘No,' she said, her back to him. ‘I never saw it.' He watched her work the pump, and observed the pressure dial with the indulgent smile of a man observing some pagan ritual. ‘Too high,' she told him, as the needle registered one hundred and seventy over a hundred. ‘I'm on pills for it,' he said, scratching where the cuff had been, and letting down his sleeve. ‘Dr Crawford seems happy.' She scanned the list of his medications onscreen. ‘You're on amlodipine and bendroflumethiazide for your blood pressure, yes? And simvastatin for your heart †¦ no beta-blocker †¦' ‘Because of my asthma,' said Howard, tweaking his sleeve straight. ‘†¦ right †¦ and aspirin.' She turned to face him. ‘Howard, your weight is the single biggest factor in all of your health problems. Have you ever been referred to the nutritionist?' ‘I've run a deli for thirty-five years,' he said, still smiling. ‘I don't need teaching about food.' ‘A few lifestyle changes could make a big difference. If you were able to lose †¦' With the ghost of a wink, he said comfortably, ‘Keep it simple. All I need is cream for the itch.' Venting her temper on the keyboard, Parminder banged out prescriptions for anti-fungal and steroid creams, and when they were printed, handed them to Howard without another word. ‘Thank you kindly,' he said, as he heaved himself out of the chair, ‘and a very good day to you.'

Asian and African People Essay Sample

If one looks at the map of the universe. it is difficult non to detect that Asia is the biggest land mass. Asia is of import to the remainder of the universe. The importance of this portion of universe is non merely because it is the biggest continent of the universe. but besides because it is the part if the universe which is place to the bulk of humanity. All dumbly populated states are located in Asia. Asia spans 100s of longitude and as a consequence you find a assortment of civilization and traditions in Asia. Asiatic people are by and large closely bound to their traditions and for them it is ever hard to interrupt off. The continent as a whole is rich in traditions and values. Asiatic people are posterities of a assortment of races. You find one sort of people ruling one part in Asia. For illustration. the Indian subcontinent is home to the Aryans. The East of India is largely home to the yellow races which include the Mongols. These people have really typical characteristics and can be identified really easy. The West of India is largely populated with Persian and Arab characteristics. More towards the West you find western mix in the mosaic of population that lives in Asia. Asiatic people are different from the people of the other continents as these people are still near to their roots and in most of the states you find agro based economic systems. The economic systems are non really good developed and you find intertwine the force per unit area on land is great. Still. being blessed with the most fertile fields of the universe. Asia is feeding the remainder of the universe as a granary. In Asia. you still find that coevalss after coevalss of people are bound with the traditional values. The West of Asia is largely dominated by the Muslim values as a concatenation of Muslim states is located in this portion of the universe. In general here Islamic values are followed and household unit is appreciated. Families are the basic structural unit in doing up the societies here. Even in the technically advanced and developed states like Japan. you still find that household ties are of import to them. Peoples from more developed parts of the universe sometimes see Asiatic people to be rearward and superstitious. but I believe the Asians are happy and at place with their household units still integral. Asiatic traditions are most of the times truly colourful and in some instances hard to understand for people coming from extremely developed states. The impact of faiths on the traditions and values of the people of Asia is outstanding. Most of the people populating in Asia find faith and linguistic communication to be truly of import to them. The frock codifications are specific and the festivals are besides under the spiritual influence. In general. you can state that Asiatic life is different from the life in other parts of the universe. It is still about place and household. Peoples here are still bound to their roots. and most of all. they are happy about it. There are many states that form a portion of the continent of Asia like the Islamic states and the Southeastern states of Nepal. India and Bangladesh. Asia has the largest land mass in the whole universe and is a place to a bulk of human population that is shacking in the universe. Most of the dumbly populated states of the universe are situated in Asia. There are a big figure of states that constitute this continent and as a consequence it is home to a broad assortment of civilizations and traditions. Peoples of Asia are really strongly attached to their fatherlands and happen it really painful to divide from their native states. Asiatic people are offsprings of an umteen figure of cultural races. It contains states like India. Pakistan. Myanmar. China. Bangladesh. Afghanistan. Nepal. Sri Lanka and the developed states of Japan and Russia. This continent is abounding with a assortment of climes. lands and astonishing landscapes. From Himalayas to the waterless lands of Mongolia and Afghanistan. the continent of Asia is bestowed with astonishing landscapes. Asia has a immense country of land and the western portion of Asia comprises Muslim states like UAE. Qatar. Iraq. Iran and Dubai and contains characteristics of Arab and Persian civilizations. Asia has people following all the faiths from Hinduism. Islam and Christianity. The continent of Asia is blessed with fertile lands in China and India and excels in agricultural production of nutrient grains and rice. Asiatic people are known all over the universe for their strong cultural values and intelligent heads. This continent has given birth to many celebrated scientists. famous persons and politicians. Although this continent does non tout of many developed states. many developing states within this continent are on the threshold of going developed. Asia as a continent was ab initio under the colonial regulation for a really long clip except for the states of Japan or Russia. Many states like India. China. Pakistan and Afghanistan have suffered the brunt of oppressive colonial regulation by Europeans and Americans for a really long period of clip. Timess have changed now and the states of this continent are shiping on the epoch of economic development like neer earlier. Southeast states like India. Sri Lanka and China are sing surprisingly high rates of per capita GDP growing. These states have besides made an attempt to continue communal harmoniousness and integrity by following a policy of inter-regional cooperation and forming associations for the above intent like SAARC. They have besides forged of import trade confederations with each other to common encouragement economic growing. Asia is good known for jubilations and festivals. It is a land where festivals of different civilizations and faiths are being celebrated. Among the major Hindu festivals are Diwali. Holi. Baisakhi. and Eid ul-Fitr. Dusshera. Onam and Christmas and are celebrated with great ardor all over India. African People A ; CultureThe huge continent of Africa is so rich and diverse in it’s civilization with it non merely altering from one state to another but within an single state many different civilizations can be found. Much of Africa’s cultural activity centres on the household and the cultural group. Art. music. and unwritten literature service to reenforce bing spiritual and societal forms. The Westernized minority. influenced by European civilization and Christianity. foremost rejected African traditional civilization. but with the rise of African patriotism. a cultural resurgence occurred. The authoritiess of most African states foster national dance and music groups. museums. and to a lesser grade. creative persons and authors. Africa was the place of birth of the human species between 8 million and 5 million old ages ago. Today. the huge bulk of its dwellers are of autochthonal beginning. Peoples across the continent are unusually diverse by merely about any step: They speak a huge figure of different linguistic communications. pattern 100s of distinguishable faiths. live in a assortment of types of homes. and prosecute in a broad scope of economic activities. Over the centuries. peoples from other parts of the universe have migrated to Africa and settled at that place. Historically. Arabians have been the most legion immigrants. Get downing in the seventh century ad. they crossed into North Africa from the Middle East. conveying the faith of Islam with them. A ulterior motion of Arabs into East and Central Africa occurred in the nineteenth century. Europeans first settled in Africa in the mid-17th century near the Cape of Good Hope. at the southern terminal of the continent. More Europeans immigrated during the subsequent colonial period. peculiarly to contemporary South Africa. Zimbabwe. and Algeria. South Asians besides arrived during colonial times. Their posterities. frequently referred to as Indians. are found mostly in Uganda. Kenya. Tanzania. and South Africa. Africa is the festival continent. Throughout the whole continent. colorful and vivacious festivals range through musical. religous. cultural and harvest to call merely a few. There are many different people groups and folks across the continent of Africa – with their civilization changing from folk to tribe. We have included merely a few on this page and will be adding to the list on a regular basis. Snap the rubric for elaborate sections†¦ Afar The Afar people live chiefly in Ethiopia and the countries of Eritrea. Djibouti. and Somalia in the Horn of Africa.Anlo-EweThe Anlo-Ewe people are today in the southeasterly corner of the Republic of Ghana. They settled here around 1474 after get awaying from their past place of Notsie. Much of African civilization places great accent on visual aspect and hence on jewellery. African jewellery has been given enormous attending for centuries. Own a utile and beautiful portion of African civilization now. Many pieces of African jewellery contain cowrie shells. They are non merely beautiful but besides symbolic! Masks are representative of many different things in African history and civilization. Lineage is really of import to the African people to demo award to their ascendants. They design the masks with luxuriant hair and jewellery to demo great wealth and award so their ascendants will be pleased with them and convey approvals. Ancestors are greatly to be feared if they are enraged. so the people are really careful to be honouring to them at all times. Masks are greatly revered in African civilization Many masks are used in ceremonials by and large picturing divinities. liquors of ascendants. fabulous existences. good and or evil liquors. the dead. carnal liquors. and other existences believed to hold power over humanity. African nuptialss are a household matter and affect the combine of two lives. two households. and sometimes even two communities! There are many different marrying traditions in the African continent and no two are precisely likewise. However. in all the communities the bride plays a really particular function and is treated with regard because she is a nexus between the unborn and the ascendants. A bride might finally bear a really powerful kid. so she is treated with regard. In some countries of East Africa the grooms household would even travel to the brides small town and put up a whole new house at that place. There are many stairss that take topographic point before matrimony starting at a really immature age where preparation takes topographic point in how to be a suited spouse. Girls will many times go to Circumcision schools where adult females learn them what is involved in matrimony. and in some cultural groups even learn secret codifications and linguistic communications so that they can pass on with other married adult females. In the Wolof folk there is even a clip where the seniors of the small town gather with the bride and give advice and gifts. Weddings can be really luxuriant. affecting banqueting and dancing for yearss within a community. they can be really simple. or they can even be performed in immense matrimony ceremonials affecting many different twosomes.

Some of the most prominent ways men's domination and women's Essay

Some of the most prominent ways men's domination and women's subordination are produced, reinforced - Essay Example This not only gets the women harassed, by they may also feel like sexually stimulated even if they least mean it to happen. There is also disparity in the treatment given by teachers to the male and the female students. Teachers are generally more biased towards boys than girls. This disparity shows up in the form of more appreciation, encouragement and reward to the male students than the female students. Media has played a big role in the creation of gender imbalance. Women have been portrayed as objects of sex in cartoons, movies and theatres. There is little realization of the identity of women as human beings with the same feelings, emotions and intelligence as owned by men. The worst part of the story is that the more a woman exposes, the more empowered and liberated she is considered. This is indeed hypocrisy. Media continuously emphasizes that for women, exposure means freedom and acknowledgement of this notion on the part of the women has made them objects of

Money & Banking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Money & Banking - Assignment Example al interest rates do not stimulate consumers and lowering the interest rates to 0% do not translate to reduced commercial bank lending rates (Krugman 1). In this case, the demand for money remains perfectly elastic as monetary policies by the central bank fail to arrest the situation. In this situation, reducing the inflation rate too close to 0 % leads to deflation (Krugman 1). Even if the central bank maintains the nominal interest rates are zero, the eminent deflation will raise the real interest rates to significant levels. Increasing money supply in this case derives no economic effect since interest rates cannot fall further. Indeed, in a â€Å"Money Trap† situation monetary injections into the economy by the central bank do not reduce the interest rates depicting the ineffectiveness of monetary policies. A â€Å"Money Trap† situation relates to a condition where any monetary policy to reduce the interest rates during economic recession is futile and creates a recurring crisis that involves consumers, commercial banks, and the central bank. The â€Å"Money Trap† situation manifests in Europe where efforts to rescue the euro from the economic crush led to looming deflation and reduced economic growth (Krugman 1). Central banks regulate money supply by buying or selling government bonds. The buying of government bonds by the central bank reduces short-term interest rates and enhances money supply by enabling commercial banks to access additional capital that increases lending and liquidity. Quantitative easing refers to unconventional monetary policies initiated by the central bank to buy government bonds and other relevant securities with the intention of lowering interest rates and enhancing money supply in the economy (BBC 1). Quantitative easing does not entail printing more money and is only applicable when short-term interest rates are at or approaching 0 %. The US Federal Reserve initiated a $4.5tn bond-buying Programme in December 2008 to drive the

Improving Maternal health Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Improving Maternal health - Research Paper Example Despite maternal health concern being in the millennium development goals, the condition is still wanting. Maternal has for been a leading cause of death for many women and children. Efforts have been made to handle the situation with political aid. According to world health organization report of 2012, it has led to the global reduction of maternal health by 47% since 1990 to 2012. However, approximately 800 women die daily from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. In most underserved and marginalized communities are unable to access the information, resources, and services leading to prevailing of poor maternal health. Filippi demonstrated the health condition in developing countries to be poor compared to the developed countries (361). The factors that drive communities to high mortality rates despite the measure put to control are variety. Poverty, lack of knowledge, cultural ties, few skilled attendants and distance to hospitals are contributing factors to mor tality deaths. There is a need to look into the issue deaths related pregnancies to safeguard the lives the mother and the child. WHO report of 2013 suggested an estimation of 289,000 women died during delivery. According to Bergsma, the situation in developing countries is 97 times worse than in developing countries. Antenatal care would reduce maternal mortality (35-54). The majority of deaths are reported to occur during and immediately following birth. WHO â€Å"Maternal Mortality† report shows that excessive bleeding causes 25%, 15% due to infections, 12% for the seizure disorder and 8% are due to obstructed labor. Other causes of death during pregnancy include unsafe abortions that account for 13% of the total deaths. The situation is so alarming in the society and needs further actions to reduce the deaths globally. The issue of death is extended to the postpartum period.  

Bottled water industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bottled water industry - Essay Example The problem is succinctly stated in the third paragraph of the case, â€Å"the reputation of Quench is currently under threat.† Specifically, its brand image is suffering because its customers â€Å"are increasingly concerned with environmental issues linked to packaging, sustainable resources and ecological logistics.† The Guardian recently reported that, â€Å"the latest beverage research from Mintel states that 2008 will be the beginning of a significant backlash against plain bottled water.† (Siegel, 2008) Quench is sold in small quantities in plastic bottles and consumers are becoming concerned about the energy costs of their production and, most importantly, the waste that these bottles constitute. In brief, Quench is developing an image problem related to the environmental impacts of the containers its products are sold in. This problem has been exacerbated by its competitors behaviour. They have experienced the same problems with customer perceptions of their lack of environmental commitment and responded quickly to address these concerns. This has put pressure on Quench to also respond quickly or risk a continually declining reputation while their competitors restore their public image. One solution would be to reduce the waste left from the containers. This could be achieved through three means. The water could be sold in larger containers producing less waste by volume of water sold. However, their market is sporty, active people and this would reduce the convenience factor associated with smaller bottles and impact negatively on sales. Secondarily, the company could introduce containers with thinner sides, reducing the waste by producing less waste per container. If the company manufacturers its own bottles this would be an expensive an time consuming alternative as it would necessitate retooling their bottle production lines. If the company purchases its bottles this would present its suppliers with the same problem. However, whether it

Housing and homelessness Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Housing and homelessness - Coursework Example In the present day context, homelessness along with housing need is considered to be a social issue, which hampers the economic growth and stability of a country at large. The members of social care services provide affordable housing to people to secure their life and reduce health issues that lead towards the development of a healthy society (Department of Housing and Public Works, 2014). In relation to the above context, the essay intends to determine whether addressing and alleviating housing need is a part of social care policy and practice with focus on evaluating evidences and providing valid justifications. With the advent of globalisation, the lifestyle of people and economies of scale have changed by a considerable extent. The issue of homelessness and housing need is identified to s increase considerably that have been affecting the lives of the individuals and rising social issues. It will be vital to mention that in this present day context, the issue concerning homelessness must have ‘no place in the society’. Justifiably, homelessness is duly considered to be one of the social issues, which affects human civilisation and economy at large. It is observed in several countries that people live in the streets as they have no place for taking shelter. With reference to the census of 2011 in Queensland, UK, it was witnessed that about 19858 people lived in the streets as they were homeless (Department of Housing and Public Works, 2014). The issue concerning homelessness resembles the fact that the people are unable to afford a house for themselves, which is mainly because of increasing unemployment. This in turn elevates the poverty level, which is recognised as a social issue and thus utmost attention is provided to eradicate the same. Therefore, in this context, it can be inferred that assisting people in terms of offering them with street based help or

Madam C. J. Walker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Madam C. J. Walker - Essay Example Walker. To the woman of today, the story of Madam’s (as she was called in her hey days) offers thrilling examples of how hard a black woman would have to struggle in a society prone to racial discrimination. What started out as her journey to build a career in entrepreneurship, Madam’s hair care and hair culture products business led her to become an icon in the world of slavery and discrimination that the blacks suffered in those days. Madam was always known to stay put at what she wanted. And it is from this basic nature that she found all the prosperity and success that marked her career and life. In the present article we analyze a few important lessons that every reader can take back from her life. As is well known, her life has been marked with incidents of historical importance for the American black community, and we try to study as many of them as we can. Born into a slave family, Sarah Breedlove held in her personality all the toughness that is characteristic to the African community, and this trait stayed with her till the end of her life. Not much is known to her family as to what happened in her early days. She is known to have been married at the age of fourteen and widowed at the age of twenty, with a child to earn her living for. She fended for her family by working as a washerwoman and around this point in time, she realized she was losing hair a little too much. She discovered a formula to stop the hair fall and grow back the lost tresses. In what she has herself called a magical dream, Madam discovered the formula all by herself, prepared the potion, applied it to the hair, and obtained excellent results. Without the toughness of her personality, no woman would have had the courage to develop a hair care product when she was toiling in the midst of poverty. Conviction they say can help the dying survive death. Madam’ s

Carbon tax and Cap-and-Trade Schemes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Carbon tax and Cap-and-Trade Schemes - Essay Example In defining cap and trade system, a government literally puts a cap or limit on the overall level of carbon pollution. As the cap declines each year, it cuts industrial green house emission to the limit of regulation. This way, the government creates and distributes pollution quotas, which in turn create an incentive for industries alike to reduce their emissions (Andrew 64). In comparing the two taxes, the cap-and-trade tax has more certainty than the carbon tax. The cap and trade tax in terms of certainty can be achieved as it sets firm limits on the acceptable amount of emissions, thus achieving the desired outcome in reduction of emissions. This scheme has been used for decades by the United States to reduce emissions responsible for acid rain. By using the cap and trade system has reduced acid rain forming by half. As for the carbon tax the amount of emissions depends on the rise and fall of energy. For this reason many industrialized countries have used carbon taxes to disco urage fossil fuel and promote clean energy. For example, in Sweden carbon tax has been estimated to cut emissions by 20 percent enabling the country to achieve 2012 target under the Kyoto protocol . Carbon tax creates a fixed incentive to curb emissions since it can fix price of the carbon emissions. In assessing the cost or damage associated with each unit in pollution and the cost associated with controlling pollution. In essence its essential for the tax level to be right, if the tax is too low then the industries and households may opt to pay tax other than reduce omissions. On the other hand, if it’s set too high then the cost may indirectly impact profits, jobs and the end consumers. Cap and trade lacks price certainty since emissions permit prices may fluctuate from year to year depending on the demand for energy. This means that while the maximum pollution quantity is set in advance trading price on permits

Choose a modern day situation Essay Example for Free

Choose a modern day situation Essay In this lesson, we were some preparation work to prepare us for our historical improvisation piece. We had the choice of two tasks, 1. Choose a famous event from history and create an improvised piece which details this event, or 2. Choose a modern day situation (e. g. at school, a party, a mealtime etc. ) and create a short improvisation showing this. THEN choose a period of time between 1850 and 1960 and re-enact the same scene, as you think it may have happened at the time. Our group decided to choose the second task, and we all decided that doing a piece set in 1960 would be very interesting. When we had chosen the time our piece was to be set in, the majority of our group wanted to set our piece in a party, but Kayleigh wanted to perform a piece set in a school, and the rest of the group all agreed that this was an excellent idea, and could turn out some interesting differences between the 60s and todays school environment. Donna didnt really want to base our performance in the sixties but eventually the group managed to talk her round to our way of thinking, and Donna was quite happy to perform with us. I decided to go home, and research everything I could about the sixties, so that next drama lesson, we would have plenty of information with which to make our piece historically accurate. I have placed the information I collected behind this page, to show that our group have researched and used all resources available to us in order to enhance our performance. In the meantime, for the remainder of the lesson we decide to write a very basic scene plan, for our preparation performance. We couldnt make a prop and costume list, as we hadnt properly researched the time period our performance was set in, but we all agreed to bring in some props and costumes we thought would be appropriate for the piece, and when I brought the research in, we would choose the best from the selection we had brought to the lesson. Scene Plan Scene One Kayleigh is playing the teacher, and as we walk into the 1960 classroom, she invites us all in to sit down with a warm smile. We gave her a smile, to show how friendly a place school was back then, and how friendly the teacher was herself. Then the pupils sit down and the teacher asks them what they would like to do. We thought this was a good way to show the different teaching styles in use at the time, and how different their lessons were to ours, having no set curriculum, and being given the responsibility to choose for themselves what they want to do instead of just being told. The children tell her they would like to protest against war, and the teacher, being supportive of their ideas, and valuing their opinions, gets out her guitar, with which to accompany the protest chant. The girls sit and start to repeat the word peace over and over again, whilst swaying in unison. In mid-sway the girls freeze, and I get up and explain a bit about school in the sixties, and the main differences with today. Then we all walk off stage. Scene Two Kayleigh walks on stage closely followed by the kids. She sits behind a desk, and starts to read the register. I thought it was important to have a desk for the teacher, to show how nowadays teachers use their desks as a barrier between them and the pupils, almost using them to segregate themselves fro the kids, whereas in the sixties, the teachers wanted the kids to feel happy and welcome, and didnt want this barrier between them and the children. The kids attitudes are visible from the very second the walk in the door, I thought it was a good way to use movement to show how the kids feel about being forced into coming to school, and doing work they dont want to do. This is their way of rebelling, in the sixties, they rebelled to, only in the sixties, the teachers helped them. These days, the kids are rebelling against the teachers. The kids just generally give the teacher a load of attitude then we all walk off stage. I thought it was really important to show the two different ways kids then, and kids now, have of rebelling against things, and the way that the hippies used the faculty as a medium for protest, using them to send their message, whereas in this decade, kids just rebel against teachers. It was now the end of the lesson but I knew exactly what I had to research for our performance next lesson, I decided to research hippies, and the political and social background of our chosen date. This meant researching important events and getting an insight into what people were like in the sixties, how they behaved, how they reacted to scandal such as teenage pregnancy, and other social taboos, to help us play the parts convincingly. Also I wanted to find out what motivated the flower power generation to become as big as it did, and what was the reason behind their morals and ethics. I also wanted to find out a little about the music that was playing at the time, and how that was influencing people. My research is displayed over the next few pages of my notebook. The information I collected was very interesting to read, and I accumulated enough to give us a really good idea of how people in the 1960s dressed and more importantly, how they behaved. 13th March This was the lesson that we had to perform our preparation piece in. I was slightly nervous, as I knew another group were also doing the 1960s, and I didnt want our group to be shadowed by their performance, or for it to seem like we had copied them, because all of our ideas had been original and completely uninfluenced by anything they had done, but apart from that, I wasnt nervous of performing at all. We were the first group to perform, and it all went reasonably well, except some unexpected laughing due to lack of rehearsal time. I thought the characters could have been more developed, and it could have been longer, but since it was only a rehearsal piece, this didnt really matter. The other groups came up with some brilliant ideas too, one did a remaking of a scene from the Krays, a film about some London gangsters, infamous for its violent content. This was really good, and had a humourous element at the end, to relieve the tension of the scene slightly. Another group did a news report on the sinking of the Titanic and I found this to be entertaining and informative, at the same time. The other group who did a 1960 hippie setting were really good too, I liked the way they sang, and used drugs, to show that drugs were socially acceptable in those days. When we had finished watching everyone elses preparation performance, it was the end of the lesson, but I felt that the preparation work was very useful in preparing me for the historical task we were soon to begin. It really got me thinking about the different ways we could present information to an audience, and made me consider all the possible ideas we had already been forming about our piece. 20th March When we came into the lesson today, we were given a sheet, clarifying, what was expected of us of our GCSE Drama Historical piece. My rewrite of the sheet can be seen overleaf. The sheet is displayed on the adjacent page. When we all had time to examine the sheet properly, we could not decide which task to choose, so we made a brainstorm on the period of time we were allowed to use for our piece, 1859-1960. We were glad that the time period was so large, as it gave us a lot of events in history to portray. When we had made our brainstorm, we were still no nearer to agreeing on an idea or time period to show in our piece, so we each chose a time period we felt would be interesting to show, and we went to the library to research our individual subjects. Kelly and Teresa wanted to research Rock and Roll and the fifties and Kayleigh and Donna wanted to research hippies. The rest of the group didnt really want to do another piece on hippies, as our preparation piece had focussed on this, but, we did not wish to dismiss any ideas at this time, and so we were all quite happy to research our individual topics. Dora was slightly stuck for ideas on which era she should research, so I suggested the Victorian era, as it covered a wide range of events, within the time bracket we were given, and could be very interesting to look into. I myself decided to research the 1930s, the invention of television, and the broadcasting debut of the BBC, (British Broadcasting Corporation). My research is displayed over the next few pages. 21st March This lesson, the group was still very much divided into two groups, Dora, Me, Kelly and Teresa, who wanted to perform a piece about the rock n roll era of the 1950s, and Donna and Kayleigh, who still wanted to do a play about hippies, and more specifically, hippies in school, which the rest of us seriously objected to, seeing as it was exactly the same as our preparation work. Then Kelly came up with the idea of spanning different decades, and showing one idea, either schools, or parties, throughout the 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s and 1960. I came up with the idea of everyone sharing the responsibilities equally, and each person having a scene to write up, and design themselves. Then Kayleigh was concerned about the amount of work each person would have to do, so I came up with the idea that if the person in charge of the scene wanted to, they could speak to the audience instead of acting, and this would tie our performance in with both the comparison, and theatre in education tasks we were given, and presenting different scenes in different formats would improve our performance, and make it more interesting for the audience. We decided Teresa would write the 30s scene, Kelly the 20s, Donna and Kayleigh the year 1960, and Dora the thirties. I decide to take the fortys scene, as I thought it would have been really interesting to show the jubilation of the British population at the end of the second world war. Then I said I thought it would be really good idea to have each person who designed the scene, to come to the front at the end, and speak to the audience directly about their scene, the main differences from those days to the present time, and that this would also be a good way to give the other actors time to change before the next scene starts. I thought this would also be a good way to fill in some time too, as with six people in our group our plays ideal length would be about twenty minutes. I thought splitting the scenes up this way would be a great way to get everyone to put their own thoughts and style into the piece, and let everyone each have their individual inputs, and be able to perform one piece of our performance their way. I also thought it would be a really good way to add more variety to our piece, and hold the attention of our audience better than a less creatively structured piece would. We had still not decided on the theme our scenes would have, schools or parties, so we all agreed to go home, and really think about our reasons for our preferences, and think about which idea was the more original and creative. We also decided to seriously think about which would be more interesting for our audience to watch. The research I found about the 1940s, can be found over the next few pages of my notebook. 27th March Today, we were still disagreeing on what the main focus of our performance should be. Kayleigh and Donna still wanted to write our scenes around a school format, and the rest of us still wanted to have the main feature of each part of our performance be a party, or be about a party. When our drama teacher came over to check on our progress, she suggested, if it was causing so much trouble within the group, that we split into a four and a two, with Kayleigh and Donna forming their own group together, but we all decided that this would not be a good idea, as Kayleigh and Donna didnt want to be on their own, trying to create a totally new piece in a reduced time period, and we didnt really want to lose two of our group, and the people who were writing the last scene of our performance, so Donna and Kayleigh agreed to base our performance around parties and not schools. I wanted to use parties, because there is more opportunity to show difference in costume, and behaviour throughout the different decades, than there is in schools. Then for the rest of the lesson, we concentrated on developing a presentation to show to the rest of the class. Each person read out their thoughts on their scene, and how they intended it to develop into the final piece we were to perform. We got some interesting feedback on the subject, mainly, that in order to make my scene/s historically accurate, I needed to do more research on street parties in particular, not just the forties in general. Also, Mark had an interesting suggestion, he suggested that instead of having people get changed while the writer of the last scene speaks to the audience, we have just three people in one scene, and three in the next, however, this is up to the individual who creates the scene, as she will decide how many characters she needs in her part of the performance. At the end of the lesson, we decided to think about the different ideas suggested to us by the rest of the class, and we all agreed to think of some ideas for our scenes for tomorrows lesson.