Gendered art critique - Midterm essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Gendered art critique - Midterm - Essay Example In this piece of art, the artistic talks about the Chibinda Ilunga sculpture, being a composition of the Chokwe people of Central Africa. The sculpture is a depiction of a legendary leader that was a masterful hunter, a successful king, and one that was a descendant of a deity. Gender refers to a person’s sense of self and inner identity, unlike sex that biologically defines feminism or masculinity of an individual. Gender cuts across all the social aspects of life including art. The kind of male-dominated culture that existed before and now its effect remains in various issues in the current society. In arts, many artists have tried to explore, reinforce and challenge the gender distinctions promoted by the traditions. Many artists through presenting their personal experiences on historical and political agenda encourage us to question the assumptions commonly made about gender. The differences in gender considerations manifest in various artworks done by various artists. The artworks depicted men as always possessing the powerful body and great leadership skills. From a different perspective, the artworks depict females as passive, eroticized subjects meant for the viewer’s pleasure. For example by looking at Chibinda Ilunga sculpture below , it shows a reflection of a powerful person as he wears a leadership hat, holding a stick, and a horn. The male nude is one of the artworks one will hardly find in the general art exhibitions. Most of the artists lack the urge of using male nudes as a subject matter to their art productions. The male nude is an artwork written and drawn by the artist and author Kyra Belan. It follows her interest in the exploration of the male nude in the field of art. The understanding of freedom of art fuels my analysis of Belan’s work. Belan narrates about her challenges in exhibiting her images of the male nude in the public and the associated criticism. The display of male nude

Identity of Interpersonal relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Identity of Interpersonal relationships - Essay Example Identity and perception for example manifest themselves through social interactions with others. Through such interactions, people share ideas and exchange views on varying topical issues in a society. The interactions thus portray the uniqueness of the values of an individual all of which portray both their identities and perceptions about the topical issues. Talk and interpersonal relationships on the other hand are the basis of social interactions. The success of such interactions relies on the uniqueness of an individual and their ability to hold effective social interactions through talk. Humans are social beings who rely on social interactions and talk to create reliable interpersonal relationships. People create new interpersonal relationships on a daily basis. Some of such relationships persist while others die. The survival of the interpersonal relationships relies on the identities and perceptions of the respective individuals in the relationships. As explained earlier, identity refers to the uniqueness of every individual. People therefore form interpersonal relationships depending on their ability to share similar values. The ability to share similar values on the other hand arises from the similarity of the identity of the people. Every profession requires effective personalities and the ability to form successful interpersonal relationships. A journalist for example is a social individual capable of interacting with different people appropriately. A journalist should create effective and reliable relationship with other journalists from other institutions. This way, another journalist would readily share information about news events thereby helping one obtain scoops where possible. Such relationships are forms of friendships that rely on the ability of an individual to share social values with the friend. Additionally, a journalist interviews varied news sources on a daily basis. The

Understanding Business Concepts

Understanding Business Concepts Unit Number Title: U35 Business and Entrepreneurship Assignment 1 Sit 1: Understanding Business Concepts Table of Contents Task A: Answer 1 Answer 1.1 Answer 2 Answer 2.1 Answer 3 Answer 3.1 Answer 3.2 Answer 4 Task B: Answer 1. Answer 2 Answer 3 References List of Figures Figure 1 SWOT Diagram Task A: Answer 1 Opportunity cost is the next highest valued alternative to one’s decision. It is the loss of potential gain from the second best alternative, once a business decision is taken. Answer 1.1 A Motor vehicle company has taken a decision to start a new production line for its vehicles with the aim of green technology. It has two options, option one is to start producing a fully electric vehicle while option two is to start producing a hybrid vehicle. If the company decides to start producing a fully electric vehicle then the opportunity cost will be the cost of producing a hybrid vehicle. A utility company supplying electricity is going to build a new power plant. It has two options, first option building a power plant using nuclear power while the second option building a power plant using natural gas. If the utility company decides to build the new power plant using natural gas, then its opportunity cost will be the cost of building a power plant using nuclear power. (Henderson, n.d.) Answer 2 Double entry system delineate that every transaction will be registered at least into two separate accounts in a companys accounting system. A simple example is shown in table below: (Averkamp, n.d.) Answer 2.1 There is more than one advantage for using a double entry system. Some of these are: There is an arithmetic check on the companys bookkeeping records as for every debit amount there is always a corresponding credit amount. This means that the total debit entries must be matched with the same amount of credit entries. Better understanding of a companys financial situation. It shows the true profit or loss of the company more clearly at any given time. Financial statements will be prepared much easier when double entry system is in place. Examples of these statements are: balance sheet, income statement and cash flow. This system also helps in detecting and reducing accounting errors. (Advantages and disadvantages of double entry book-keeping, n.d.) Answer 3 The balance sheet is one of the most important financial statements within a company. The balance sheet is a snapshot at a single point in time, (usually at the end of month or year), which gives investors an accurate and reliable picture of a companys financial position, what it actually owns and owes. The following formula is followed in a balance sheet: Assets = Liabilities + Capital (Shareholders Equity) (Balance Sheet, n.d.) Answer 3.1 The main purpose of the balance sheet is that it figures up the companys economic resources, obligations and shareholders equities at any point in time. It displays how the resources contributed by the shareholders and money lenders are used in the business. The term balance sheet is derived from the fact that at any given time, assets must be equal to liabilities plus capital hence the two sides of the balance sheet must balance out each other. On the other hand the balance has some drawbacks too. One of which is that the true value of the assets are not reflected on the balance sheet. Historical costs of the assets will not reflect the true market value since these assets may have increased or depreciated in value. Another drawback is that certain assets value are estimated thus does not reflect the true economic situation of the business. (Balance Sheet, n.d.) Answer 3.2 Two important financial statements complimenting the balance sheet are the Cash Flow statement and the Profit Loss statement. Cash flow is comprised of three components which displays the cash generated and used by the company for any given period of time. These components are operations, investing and financing activities. Operation activities measure the income and expenditure caused by the core business operations of a company. It reflects how much profit is generated from the companys products and services. Investing activities reflect the investment in purchasing of new assets such as property, land and equipment. Financing activities reflect changes in debts, loans and dividends paid. These include issue of shares and/or bonds, re-purchase of shares and/or bonds, interest paid to bond-holders. (What is a Cash Flow Statement, n.d.) The Profit Loss statement displays a companys income, costs and expenditure for a particular period of time. Normally this statement is issues quarterly or yearly depending on the companys size and directors preference. The purpose of this statement is to show investors whether the company has made or lost money during the specific period indicated in the statement. The Profit Loss statement gives a good account of the companys capabilities to increase profits and reduce costs. (Profit Loss Statement, n.d.) Answer 4 The following is an abstract from the regulations of the Malta Financial Services Authority: A private company is a company that must, by its memorandum or articles: restrict the right to transfer its shares; prohibit any invitation to the public to subscribe for any shares or debentures of the company; The minimum authorised share capital is â‚ ¬1,164.69. The maximum number of shareholders is fifty Must have at least one director A public company is a company which does not qualify as a private company. A public company may offer shares or debentures to the public but it may not issue any form of application for its shares or debentures unless the company is registered and the issue is accompanied by a prospectus. The minimum authorised share capital of a public company is EUR 46,587.47.There is no maximum number of shareholders in the case of a public company. Must have at least 2 directors In the case of a public company not less than 25%, and in the case of a private company not less than 20%, of the nominal value of each share taken up shall be paid up on the signing of the memorandum. Every Company must have a company secretary and hold an Annual General Meeting. (A Guide to the Registration of Companies, n.d.) Task B: Answer 1. The acronyms of PEST and SWOT analysis are as follows: PEST analysis Political, Economic, Social and Technological analysis. SWOT analysis Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats analysis. Answer 2 PEST is a business measuring tool to understand the business environment growth or decline before setting up a new business or expanding an established business. It is an investigation for reviewing the external environment factors for political, economic, social and technological influences. Political Environment These are all those factors related to and executed by a government. A change in government can bring a change in laws, regulations, policies and taxes which can have an impact on the business environment. Since Malta is part of the European Union, EU regulations and new member states can have an impact on the business environment. Economic Environment This is mainly the financial system fluctuations that occur from time to time with general booms and slumps in the economy activity. A change in unemployment, interest rates and customer purchasing power can cause these fluctuations. Social Environment This is the influence on the business environment which its effects depend on religious, cultural and social trends. These effects can be either positive or negative. Education, lifestyles, career trends and demographics have influence on the social environment. If a decision from a business company have a huge impact which goes against the societal norms, it may face negative publicity and protests. Technological Environment This gathers all the technical aspects of the business environment such as automation, technology awareness, progress, research and development. Technical environment aspects can have an impact on the cost and quality of the business production. (External Environment Theory PEST Analysis, n.d.) SWOT analysis is a matrix analysis of the internal strengths and weaknesses of a company against identification of external opportunities and threats. It helps a company to uncover and exploit opportunities while understanding the weaknesses to eliminate threats. Workshop sessions and brainstorming sessions are two useful ways of completing the SWOT analysis while involving personnel from your own company. A sample table of the SWOT Matrix is shown in figure 1 below. Figure 1 SWOT Diagram Strengths are the resources and capabilities of a business or a project within a company which are used to gain a competitive advantage over other competitors. Examples of strengths are: Reputation, Superior product performance, Unique selling points, Strong brand names. Weaknesses are the absence of certain strengths on which your competitor may take an advantage. Examples of weaknesses are: Weak brand name, Limited budget, Limited personnel, Opportunities are external elements that can uncover new opportunities where a company can exploit its advantages for profit and growth. Examples of opportunities are: Changes in technology, Change in government policies on a particular area, Unfulfilled customer needs, Local events. Threats are changes in external environment and opportunities taken by other companies which can have a competitive advantage over your business. Examples of threats are: Appearance of alternative products, New legislations, Retention of key staff, Negative publicity. (SWOT Analysis, n.d.) Answer 3 SWOT analysis for Bank of Valletta plc. Task C References A Guide to the Registration of Companies. (n.d.). Retrieved 01 15, 2014, from MFSA: https://registry.mfsa.com.mt/otherPDFs/ROCGuide.pdf Advantages and disadvantages of double entry book-keeping. (n.d.). Retrieved 01 12, 2012, from Figurate Ltd Chartered Management Accounts: http://www.figurate.co.uk/2007/07/03/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-double-entry-bookkeeping/ Averkamp, H. (n.d.). Accounting Basics (Explanation). Retrieved 1 12, 2014, from Accounting Coach: http://www.accountingcoach.com/accounting-basics/explanation/5 Balance Sheet. (n.d.). Retrieved 01 14, 2014, from Investopedia: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/balancesheet.asp External Environment Theory PEST Analysis. (n.d.). Retrieved 01 16, 2014, from The Times 100 Business Case Studies: http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/business-theory/external-environment/pest-analysis.html#axzz2qb3hjMJw Henderson, D. R. (n.d.). Library of Economics and Liberty. Retrieved January 10, 2014, from http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/OpportunityCost.html Profit Loss Statement. (n.d.). Retrieved 01 14, 2014, from Investopedia: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/plstatement.asp SWOT Analysis. (n.d.). Retrieved 01 18, 2014, from Businessballs: http://www.businessballs.com/swotanalysisfreetemplate.htm What is a Cash Flow Statement. (n.d.). Retrieved 01 14, 2014, from Investopedia: www.investopedia.com/articles/04/033104.asp

Dorothy Richardson Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

Though acknowledged by literary circles as the first writer to use the stream-of-consciousness technique in her writing, Dorothy Richardson is not as widely recognized as the founder of this style. Her mannerisms and thought processes were affected for the rest of her life by her upbringing in a poverty-stricken family. Brought into the world in 1873, Richardson was destined for stereotypical feminine occupations: a tutor-governess in Hanover and London, a secretary, and an assistant. Her mother’s suicide in 1895 completely broke up the family, only adding to the need for Richardson to find a means of supporting herself. Fortunately, Richardson became involved with the socialists in the area, as well with the people living in Bloomsbury, and soon after she abandoned her secretarial work. She became involved in translations and freelance journalism as an introduction to the bohemian lifestyle; from there she met and married Alan Odel, a much younger man who was somewhat of a cult figure in bohemia at the time, with his waist length hair he wore wrapped around his head. Throughout her lifetime, Richardson published a large number of essays, short stories, poems, as well as sketches. Most famous is her Pilgrimage series, a thirteen novel project that was the first in literature to employ what Richardson preferred to call â€Å"interior monologues.† Pointed Roofs was the first novel in the series and consequentially, the first to introduce such a style of writing. She presented the story with a sense of immediacy, rather than from a retrospective view. Instead of telling narratives in the sense that the realists did, Richardson let the current moment monopolize the literature so that the present could prevail over the past. It... ... Hanscombe, Gillian E. The Art of Life: Dorothy Richardson and the Development of Feminist Consciousness. Athens: Ohio Universty P, 1983. Staley, Thomas F. Dorothy Richardson. Boston: Twayne, 1976. Winning, Joanne. The Pilgrimage of Dorothy Richardson . Wisconsin Press. 21 Mar. 2004 . Related Links: Women of the Left Bank http://home.sprynet.com/~ditallop/homepage.htm Modernism: American Salons http://www.cwru.edu/artsci/engl/VSALM/mod/ International Review of Modernism http://www.modernism.wsu.edu/ Eisenstein, Joyce, and the Gender Politics of English Literary Modernism http://www.arts.uwaterloo.ca/FINE/juhde/tiess931.htm â€Å"The Part Played by Women:† The Gender of Modernism at the Armory Show http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MUSEUM/Armory/gender.html

The Design For Manufacture Engineering Essay

A fabrication system contain a big figure of different procedures or phases which independently and jointly, affects merchandise cost, merchandise quality and productiveness of the overall system. The interactions between these assorted facet of fabricating systems are complex and determinations made refering one facet have consequence which extend to the others shown in fig below.Figure: – Fabrication Interactions [ 4 ]Design for industry is concerned with understanding these interactions and utilizing this information to optimise the fabricating systems with regard to cost, quality and productiveness. More specially DFM is concerned with understanding how merchandise design cooperate with the other constituents of the fabrication system and in specifying merchandise design options which help do easy planetary optimisation of the fabricating systems as a whole. [ 4 ] Design for Manufacturability ( DFM ) is a betterment plan that can minimise labour, stuffs, procedure, and production costs without giving the quality of the merchandise. DFM focuses on how the merchandise design interacts with the other constituents of the fabrication system and in specifying design options. In planing for manufacturability the elements of a merchandise and a procedure are analyzed to develop a fabrication system that meets the demands of organisation. In most companies interior decorators and fabrication installations are separated and have little interaction. The basic rule of DFM is to fall in the two into a functional group that will understand and understand the possible drivers of manufacturability that produces quality merchandises for the client. So in our instance, as the constituent to be manufactured is a cylinder block and is bespoke designed and a really low volume production for which design for industry constructs need to be applied. So, in this instance the design for industry constructs associating to big volume production can non be straight applied and therefore DFM constructs associating to rapid prototyping will be more applicable. And, due to the nature of the fabrication demands of this construct, there will be different challenges than those of a mass production demand. Prototyping, the first physical proverb of a design construct, often requires a big investing of clip and money to depict the procedures and tooling. The design goes through alteration during the portion industry as a consequence of the information added during the prototyping stage. Thus the clip taken from the construct phase to the terminal merchandises is longer with regard to that for occupation store fabrication. These limitation suggest the demand for a design for manufacturability atmosphere to diminish the entire cost and the fabricating lead clip for the first portion. When a thought is transformed to an really manufacturable portion design, many alterations are common. The fabrication procedure is often selected on the footing of portion form and size, stuff belongingss and production volume. Such alteration in fabrication procedures is common in the batch and mass production. But in prototyping and occupation stores it is by and large non easy to do common or major alterations in the fabrication processes. When conventional fabrication method is used to make paradigm, the long lead clip and the high cost cut down the figure of ideas that are truly converted into paradigms and theoretical accounts. For illustration in our instance the cylinder block demands to hold structural rigidness, wear opposition, corrosion opposition, high thermic conduction and thermic stableness and visible radiation in weight. This requires a usage of the different stuffs, fabrication procedures, analyses, and eventually proving over a broad scope of operating conditions for each design option. High velocity digital computing machines have helped the design applied scientist to analyse the options. However, every bit long as conventional procedures are used. It is non possible to prototype a big figure of design constructs, each necessitating specialized tooling and machine tools. This expression like one of the major jobs in diminishing the entire growing clip. [ 1 ]Design for Manufacturing – Guideline s [ 6 ]The bosom of any design for fabrication system is a design principles or guidelines that are prepared to assist the interior decorator decrease the cost and complexness of fabrication of merchandise. The guidelines are: lessen the entire figure of parts Homogenize constituents Use common parts across merchandise lines Homogenize design characteristics Aspire to keep designs functional and simple Design parts to be multifunctional Design parts for simpleness of industry Avoid highly tight tolerances Lessen secondary and finishing operations Employ the particular features of procedures.General Design Rules: – [ 6 ]Design for little – workers -cost operations Design a portion so that as many fabricating operations as possible can be achieved with no resettlement it. Design for all-purpose tooling whenever possible Avoid crisp corners Design light weight Measurement from surfaces whenever possible Avoid thin walls, thin webs, or similar features that will ensue in dimensions due to fabrication. Avoid little holes and threaded features because tool cleft and portion bit rise. Avoid undercuts that will necessitate a particular tools and operations. Design round the criterion cutters, bore spot sizes of other tools. For threaded hole ; Design for full yarn deepness. Typically 1.5 ten major diameters gives sufficient keeping power. Drilled hole deepness is suggested to be at least equal to the full yarn plus ? major diameter, but ne'er less than 0.050 † . When material thickness license, thru holes are favoured The design of the cylinder block is already exist based on basic map required. So in that design it is really difficult to alter anything. But some of the design form can be change for Ease of machining with utilizing the DFM guidelines and design regulations.For illustration the design form of oil transition manner in the mention theoretical account block ( AJ-V8 ) is half rectangular and half curvature can be redesign utilizing DFM guidelines for easiness of machining in to the hole form. So antecedently design ( rectangular/Curvature ) needed the casting or slotting and boring operation while new design ( Hole ) is merely needed the boring operation. This both design provides the same map of oil way from caput to oil pan.Conventional Design and industry and different DFM methodsFigure: -Sequence of events prevailing in industry for the design and industry of merchandise [ 2 ]The above flow chart shows the assorted stairss in the instance of conventional theoretical account of desi gn and industry of merchandises. This is a really chronological manner of bring forthing constituents. This sequence start with the construct of an program for a new or modified merchandise. These thoughts for new and enhanced merchandises come from the clients, employees and new engineering. After the blessing of thought, the new or improved merchandise is so designed, engineered and analyzed for map and public presentation. A design stage is dwelling of industrial or merchandise design stage and applied scientist design stage. Next an analysis of the design from point of position of map and public presentation takes topographic point. Next the design is detailed as the staying dimensions and tolerances are added, the stuff is specified, and production drawing is produced. Finally the merchandise is twisted over to fabricating where both production design and procedure design takes topographic point. [ 2 ] This consecutive manner of the operation is still found in the industry today.Design for industry elementsFigure: – Cardinal elements of successful design for industry [ 3 ] As it can be seen from the fig above there are assorted elements that make up the design for industry possible. These are: Team Work Coincident technology DFM Techniques And in general the whole thought is based around the fabrication procedure used in the devising of the portion in inquiry. Four constituents of DFM are represented in the diagram by overlapping circles to emphasis their mutuality and the demand for them all to be in a competitory merchandise debut procedure. By using the DFM chief early in new merchandise design, optimum usage is made of stuffs and procedures, when alteration is easier and less expensive and overall cumulative usage and merchandise debut procedure lead clip are reduced.Modified DFM for this undertakingAssorted elements of a criterion DFM which are non required for this undertaking ‘s design have been eliminated in order to maintain merely the 1s that are required. These elements are: Undertaking Concept Purchased constituents Merchandise Design Material choice Procedure choice Production system design End MerchandiseFigure: – Modified DFM for Cylinder BlockThe above diagram shows the modified DFM for the cylinder block. The purpose is to plan a cylinder block that is easy and economically manufactured as design precedes from construct design, to constellation and parametric design and to detail design, the stuff and procedure choice becomes more elaborate. The DFM is commanding all 6 parametric quantities and end product of this whole procedure is an terminal merchandise a cylinder block. The value of DFM is highlighted by the fact that approximately 70 % of fabrication costs like stuff cost and machining cost of a merchandise is determined by design judgement, with production judgement for illustration tool and machine choice and procedure planning is responsible for merely 20 % .Purchased constituentsNormally the undertaking chief restraint is to utilize the installations available in the Coventry University foremost. So in this undertaking it been seek to utilize the upp er limit installations i.e. machine, stuffs, tools, workshops etc. available in Coventry University. But Some of the installation is non available in university and without that peculiar installations it is impossible to finish this undertaking ( fabrication of the cylinder block ) .For illustration to supply a proper wear opposition interior cylinder dullard surface, the casting technique is used typically, which installation is non available in university. The other and last option is to buy the ready made dramatis personae Fe or Al-Si A390 line drives. The size of the engine is really little, it is merely a paradigm theoretical account so its really difficult to acquire the ready made cylinder line drives from out side maker, It need to order for industry and so buy it. Besides the whole cylinder block is traveling to be industry from the aluminum alloys A356. ( Why described subsequently in deep ) .So demand to buy needed size of note stuff ( block ) .And the stuff for the fixture home base and chief bearing cap is cast Fe ( Why described subsequently in deep ) .So demand to buy the dramatis personae Fe note bock from outside maker every bit good. In this undertaking cylinder bore arm and the grouch instance will be purchase as the workshop installations are non capable for fabricating these constituents to the needed specifications.Material choices and proceduresThe designation of the importance of stuffs choice in design has increased in recent old ages. The importance given to quality and cost facets of fabrication in present twenty-four hours merchandise design has highlight the fact that stuffs and fabrication are closely related in determining concluding merchandise public presentation. The scope of stuffs available to the applied scientist is much broader than of all time earlier. This presents the chance for originality in design by utilizing these stuffs to offer greater public presentation at lower cost. Geting these benefits needs a logical procedure for stuffs choice. Wrongly chosen stuff can take non merely to failure of the block but besides to excessive life-cycle cost. Choosing the best stuff for a block involv es more than taking both a stuff that has the belongingss to provide the necessary public presentation in service and the processing techniques used to bring forth the finished portion. Fig- Modified Interrelationship between stuffs choices and fabrication in Cylinder block design. Figure shows the modified interrelatedness between cylinder block design public presentation demands, stuff belongingss, and fabricating consideration in choosing the stuff and in planing the cylinder block. In this Block design, stuff belongingss and the fabrication procedure country interrelated with each other. That means the any alteration in one of them affects the other two parametric quantities. Measure by measure material choice procedure as per the item design and the cylinder block public presentation demands are described subsequently in inside informations. The stuff chosen here is the Aluminium alloys-A356-T4 for the cylinder block and aluminum alloys A390-T4 for the cylinder line drives. The all belongingss of aluminum metals are precisely fit with the public presentation required belongingss of cylinder block comparison to the other stuffs. For illustration good machinability is the chief demand in stuff as decided that the whole cylinder block is traveling to be machi ned. And aluminum in general rate extremely in the machinability tabular array by most of the standards. The ground for taking the aluminum metals are described subsequently in deep. A fabrication procedure converts a stuff into a finished portion or merchandise. The alterations that take topographic point happen with regard to barricade geometry, or they can act upon the internal microstructure and hence the belongingss of the stuff. As followed the undertaking status or restriction the fabrication procedure used here for the whole cylinder block is machining ( 3 axis milling machine ) .So any needed package or other preparation/process to short out the suited fabrication procedure for the cylinder block is non needed here. A fabrication procedure is divided whether the procedure is aggregate conserving or mass reduction. The milling machining procedure is a mass cut downing procedure in which the mass of the start stuff is greater than the terminal merchandise. Such procedure is form coevals procedure because portion signifier is created by the comparative gesture between the tool and the note block. And material removed is caused by controlled break, runing, o r chemical reaction.Merchandise design: –With the traditional method, the interior decorator would work out an initial idea and change over that into a merchandise design, doing little alteration as required to run into the specification. DFM need that the interior decorator begin the procedure by bearing in head assorted design thought alternate early in the path. At this phase, little has been invested in a design option and much can be derive if a more successful design procedure can be developed. Using some of the old design system as a construction, the interior decorator needs to fruitfully develop design option. Then option is evaluated against DFM aims. [ 5 ] Basically the whole cylinder block is designed with taking mention of jaguar AJ-V8 cylinder block. Most of the design geometry in our instance of the cylinder block similar to AJ-V8 except some complex geometry and the size of all design geometry. The new designed cylinder block size is 1/3 of the AJ-V8 cylinder block, means all the design characteristics of designed cylinder block will be 1/3 of AJ-V8 design characteristics. The cooling H2O jacket, cylinder dullards, the chief bearing hole, crankshaft transition ( Bulkhead ) and some other little design are complex and clip devouring but the field holes, threaded holes for mounting the accoutrements and other intent are easy to machine. The chief design of the cylinder block is depend on the demand of the terminal merchandise ( Customers ) i.e. light weight, cheap, on clip etc. If the cylinder block is design with support in head of light weight construct so the design will be alteration and add some more clip and complex operation in machining but lighter in weight than old design. Here in this undertaking two different design of cylinder block is generated with maintaining in head of combination of easy machining and light weight construct. The design inside informations are described subsequently on in design subdivision ) . At the design phase of the cylinder block it would be good to maintain in head some factors which makes easy and speedy production. Those factors are Milling machining ( specifications, bounds, capacity etc. ) , Material ( Properties, machinability, handiness etc ) , Tooling ‘s and mounting accoutrements and other particular installations. The improved chief design geometry worked out on base of these factors and available installations are ; Cooling H2O jacket Crankcase/Bed home base /Skirt Coolant drain hole Main bearing cap The above new modified designs characteristics of cylinder block are described in design subdivision in inside informations.Factors act uponing the design of the cylinder blocks:Cylinder block design is a complex activity which has to take into consideration a big figure of varied factors. These factors are by and large grouped in the undermentioned classs: Factors related to merchandise specifications, such as weight, expected service life of block dependability, human factor, easiness of operation, frequence of failure, runing cost, titling, possibility of usage after retirement. Factors related to plan specification such as complexness, design codification, runing tonss, flexibleness, lubrication, thermic consideration, electrical consideration and expected life. Material related factors such as strength, stamina, stiffness, denseness, corrosion and wear opposition, cost, handiness, runing point, thermic conduction, procedure ability and recycling. And the fabrication related factors such as available fiction procedure, truth, surface coating, required measure and quality, bringing clip and cost. Successful design should take into history the map, stuff belongingss and fabricating procedures as shown in the fig below. The fig besides shows that there is secondary relationship between stuff belongingss and fabrication procedures, between map and fabrication procedures, and between map and stuff belongingss. The relationship between the design and stuff belongingss is complicated because the public presentation of the stuff in the finished merchandise can be reasonably different from that of the stock stuff used in doing it. This is shown in fig.which shows the direct influence of stock stuff belongingss, production method and component geometry and external forces on the behavior of stuffs in the finished constituent. Fig besides shows that secondary relationship exists between geometry and production method, between stock stuff and production method, and stock stuff and component geometry. ( Mahmoud m.farag )Factor that should see in a constituent DesignFigure: – Facto rs that should be considered in expecting the behavior of stuff in the constituent ( Cylinder Block )Production system design: –Production system design is connected with the market analysis, merchandise design, fabrication, gross revenues and distribution. In our instance there is no selling analysis and non even gross revenues and distribution so the production system will be easy to plan. Because of this is one-off merchandise it does n't required any large production line or particular equipments. The production system in our instance covers the machining, tooling and other work piece mounting accoutrements. The whole cylinder block is traveling to be machined on the 3-axis manual milling machine. The milling machine is located at Coventry university workshop. In the workshop CNC 5-axis milling machine is besides available but due to the undertaking restraint, the usage of the other machine is non possible. The Numberss of different tools and cutters are required for the machining of the cylinder block which is besides available in workshop.The machine is ever free for making the occupation ( machining ) . For mounting the cylinder block on the machine, it is been decided to utilize spliting caput, and fixture home base. Dividing caput is already available in workshop and in good status. And the fixture is traveling to be design foremost and so manufactured from the dramatis personae Fe individually before the machining of cylinder block. The machining operation can be performed from 9.30 am to 4.30 autopsy in the university workshop. [ 0 ] Boothroyd, G. , 1988, Dewhurst, P. , Product Design for Manufacture and Assembly [ 1 ] Issue in design/manufacture integrating 1990, Sponsored by ; The design for industry commission of the design applied scientist division, ASME, DE-Vol.29 [ 2 ] Design for fabricating a structural approachby corrado poli, University of Massachsetts Amhest,2001 [ 3 ] Design for industry Congress seminar documents – 33, Chairman – J Ford Lucas auto braking Systems. [ 4 ] Design for industry Schemes, Principles and Techniques by toilet Corbett, mikedooner, John Meleka and Christopher Pym.-1991 [ 5 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.npd-solutions.com/dfm.html [ 6 ] Engineering Design byGeorge E.Dieter and Linda C.Schmidt-4th Edition, McGraw Hill-2009.

Literal/ Golden/ Mischief Rules Essay

The literal rule is the primary rule which takes precedence over the others. Words and phrases should be construed by the courts in their ordinary sense, and the ordinary rules of grammar and punctuation should be applied. If, applying this rule, a clear meaning appears, then this must be applied, and the courts will not inquire whether what the statute says represents the intention of the legislature: ‘The intention of Parliament is not to be judged by what is in its mind, but by the expression of that mind in the statute itself’. The literal rule is strongly criticised by many lawyers. It has been said to be ‘†¦.a rule against using intelligence in understanding language. Anyone who in ordinary life interpreted words literally, being indifferent to what the speaker or writer meant, would be regarded as a pedant, a mischief-maker or an idiot’. Such criticism, it is submitted, is misguided. For example, the Hotel Proprietors Act 1956 provides that in certain circumstances an hotel proprietor is liable for loss of or damage to guests’ property, but that this liability does not usually extend to guests’ motor vehicles or property left ‘therein’. The question arises – is the hotel proprietor liable for property left on, rather than in, a vehicle, for example, on a roof rack. On a literal interpretation, the hotel proprietor is liable, because if Parliament had intended to exclude property left on a vehicle, the Act would have said ‘therein or thereon’. The ‘common-sense’ school would say that it is ridiculous to make a distinction between property left in or on a vehicle. That may be so in the admittedly trivial example given, but if this line of argument is accepted, it means that the courts would have power to rewrite Acts of Parliament, which many people would consider to be highly dangerous, particularly where it takes the form of assuming that Parliament ‘intended’ something, when in truth it is more than likely that Parliament never gave that matter a moments’ thought. It is better that the courts interpret statutes strictly, and if this leads to unsatisfactory or inequitable results, then Parliament should pass amending legislation to indicate clearly what its intention was. The full force of the literal rule was demonstrated in the case of Whitely v, Chappell (1869). The defendant had voted in the name of a person who had died, but was found not guilty of the offence of personating ‘any person entitled to vote’: a dead person is not entitled to vote. Golden Rule Where the meaning of words in a statute, if strictly applied, would lead to an absurdity, the golden rule is that the courts are entitled to assume that Parliament did not intend such absurdity, and they will construe the Act to give it the meaning which Parliament intended. So, for example, the Offences Against the Person Act 1861 provided that ‘whosoever being married shall marry another person during the life of the former husband or wife’ is guilty of bigamy. Re Sigsworth 1935 provided that the Defendant was not entitled to inherit because it would be manifestly repugnant to allow a murderer to reap the benefit of his crime even if the Defendant is the only inheritor. Interpreted literally, this definition is absurd on two counts. First, the phrase ‘shall marry another person’ is meaningless in the context, as the essence of bigamy is that a married person cannot marry again while his first marriage subsists. Secondly, the reference to a ‘former’ husband or wife is quite inappropriate. The word ‘former’ suggests that the original marriage no longer exists, but if that were the case the person marrying again would not be guilty of bigamy. Despite the slipshod draftsmanship of the Act, however, the intention was clear, and the courts have interpreted the relevant section as meaning that a person who purports to marry another while his or wife or husband is still alive is guilty of bigamy. Mischief Rule When it is not clear whether an act falls within what is prohibited by a particular piece of legislation, the judges can apply the mischief rule. This means that the courts can take into account the reasons why the legislation was passed; what ‘mischief’ the legislation was designed to cure, and whether the act in question fell within the ‘mischief’. For example, the Street Offences Act 1959 made it an offence for a prostitute to solicit men ‘in a street or public place’. In Smith v. Hughes the question was whether a woman who had tapped on a balcony and hissed at men passing by was guilty of an offence under the Act. Parker, L.C.J., found her guilty: ‘I approach the matter by considering what is the mischief aimed at by this Act. Everybody (sic) knows that this was an Act intended to clean up the streets, to enable people to walk along the streets without being molested or solicited by common prostitutes. Viewed in that way, it can matter little  whether the prostitute is soliciting while in the street or standing in a doorway or on a balcony’. In the case mentioned, it was comparatively easy to apply the mischief rule as the circumstances which caused the passing of the Act were well known. The rule does, however, have limitations as it is by no means always easy to discover the ‘mischief’ at which particular Act was aimed. The rules of interpretation discussed above do not apply to the interpretation of EEC legislation. The European Communities Act 1972 provides that questions of interpretation of EEC law must be decided in accordance with the principles laid down by any relevant decision of the European Court. Therefore, although EEC legislation has the force of law in England and thus becomes part of English law, the courts cannot interpret it by the methods which they apply to the main body of English law. In interpreting statutes, the courts make certain presumptions: (a) that the statute is not intended to have retrospective effect; (b) that it applies only to the United Kingdom; (c) that it is not intended to interfere with existing vested rights; (d) that the property of any person will not be confiscated without compensation; (e) that there is no intention to interfere with existing contractual rights; (f) that there is no intention to interfere with personal liberty; (g) that any person to whom judicial or quasi-judicial power is given will exercise such power in accordance with the rules of natural justice; (h) that the statute is not intended to derogate from the requirements of international law. Any of these presumptions may be overruled by the precise words of the statute. Private Acts (but not public Acts) always have a preamble which sets out the objects of the legislation. Preambles can on occasion be of considerable assistance to the courts in interpreting the Acts.

Human Sexuslity Essay Example

Human Sexuslity Essay Example Human Sexuslity Essay Human Sexuslity Essay They had Issues with this study because not everyone has the same view on what Infidelity or cheating actually Is. Almost all the students Interviewed agreed that vaginal Intercourse was considered the ultimate cheat. Some students didnt feel that heavy kissing and petting were considered cheating. Because this is about a dating relationship and not a marriage there is no fine lines that state that all dating relationships have to be monogamous. Two thirds of the students both male and female stated that cheating was wrong. However, it was less unacceptable to men than to women. There were a total of 7, 253 people who participated in this study and out of that number 98% were undergraduate college students. A large percentage of both male and female students admitted to some form of infidelity whether it was heavy kissing and petting or full blown sexual intercourse. The question of why people cheat was not one definition rather it was several. Personality traits and attitudes and relationship styles were the main reasons listed to define why people cheat. Now here comes the popular media side of things. A lot of websites are perfect for his but I chose the www. Semen. Com. It didnt take long to find a story with comments from readers to use for this project. The article is called Are men born cheaters? by Phillip Gordon. This was an interesting article and it seems to focus on the old saying once a cheater always a cheater. It begins by discussing some famous men who are very promiscuous. For example Ervin Magic Johnson is reported as acquiring the aids sy ndrome. It even goes as far as choosing Bill Clinton as a man that women love even though his affair with Monica Leninism shook the entire USA. In this story they define cheating and or Infidelity as sexual relations including oral sex, touching of genitals and full blown sex acts. The story seems to be very straight forward with the attitude of men cheat because they always have. A paragraph In this story suggests that men are really born cheaters by cheating on their taxes and etc. This article makes it sound like hey men always cheat deal with it. On the other nana It also Alehouses want makes a woman ocean. According to tins story women cheat because when we ovulate it is natural for us to seek out and acquire the best perm we can find. Boys will be boys and the cheaters will never stop cheating. Women accept the fact that men cheat and why should men change it? It even goes as far as stating as long as there are women who will fool around with your man then there will be infidelity. In comparison these articles have a little in common. They both ask the question what is considered cheating and they both have some definitely laid out answers. However the scholarly Journal is more mature and reads like it is trying to solve a problem and offer answers where as the media version reads like a Joke. The media version does not take it seriously and they seem to find it funny. By using examples of men who arent faithful and promoting them in a way stating women love them even though they are cheaters. The biggest difference in these articles is the way they are written. Consumers who are looking for educated readings on infidelity should go with the first article. Consumers who want a raw somewhat smart ally version should read the other. The pros to these types of scholarly articles are that they are based on facts from searching real people on an educated basis. The people interviewed for that journal were not cocky and proud of what they had done. They shared their answers based on their feelings. The media article is more of a straight cut what the boys talk about late on Friday night. The first story doesnt idealize men or women for infidelity where the second story seems to focus on how great the men who were known for cheating are. When looking for an answer that is based on findings from asking regular people questions the scholarly Journal is the one you need to look at. If you Just want to read a popular mens magazine website then the other story is for you. Professors dislike the media type websites when it comes to preparing a paper. You cannot base good research on a media website as most are on the net to make money. Sex sells and people who are looking at mens magazine websites are not looking for solid defined answers but rather a good read. In conclusion I have read both of the articles and actually I feel that the media has made men who cheat something to idealize. It makes me sick to read that women have thing for Bill Clinton.

Tax System in Ontario essays

Tax System in Ontario essays The issue is whether Ontario should have a different tax system than the federal government of Canada. The provinces already have different ways of calculating taxes from the federal government and from one another. Verburg (1998) noted five years ago that the taxpayers in Ontario and Alberta were benefiting form an effort by each to have the lowest taxes in Canada. Still, Verburg also noted that the tax cuts to that time were not very substantial even as each province was trying to become the most attractive province in which to do business for the North American economy. Alberta long had the lowest personal income-tax rate in Canada, but the Ontario government set out undercut Alberta by half a percentage point by lowering its basic personal income-tax rate to 45% of the basic federal tax. Alberta answered this soon after by cutting its basic rate to 44%, at which time Ontario countered with 40.5%. Verburg cheered them on, stating that "the two provinces are chipping away at Canada's burdensome tax Verburg further noted that Ottawa was not responding with the same On a recent swing through Alberta, federal Finance Minister Paul Martin said giving Canadians a break on their income tax is "a major priority" for the 1999 federal budget, when a multibillion-dollar budget surplus is expected. But, so far, there has been no firm commitment to return those extra dollars to the people who earned them The Ontario income tax system changed how it calculates the tax beginning in 2002 so that it now levies its personal income tax as a parentage of taxable income rather than as a percentage of basic federal tax. This system is known as tax-on-income (TONI) system, and it is used to allow Ontario to set its own tax brackets and tax rates independently of the federal system, and so provides the Province with direct control over many features of the ...

VIRTUAL FIELD TRIP TO TOWRAPOINT NATURE RESERVE/BO Essays

VIRTUAL FIELD TRIP TO TOWRAPOINT NATURE RESERVE/BOTANY BAY 1Identify the various plans and animals that occupy this ecosystem.Wading birds, bitou bush, lantana, snakes, crab, river and grey mangroves, salt marsh, algae, small fish, mud whelk.Describe how the abundance of mangrove seedling is measured.The abundance of mangrove seedlings is measured by using the quadrat method. Several set areas of land are randomly marked out, the amount of seedling in each area is counted and averaged. This is then multiplied by the total study area divided by the individual quadrat areaDescribe the distribution of mangrove species.River mangroves prefer to grow in sandy more sediment areas in small clumps, while grey mangroves prefer muddy areas and grow further apart.Identify the producers, consumers and decomposers.Plants like mangroves and salt marsh as well as detritus (mostly dead plants) are producersAnimals like foxes, birds and fish are consumersWhile smaller fish, crabs alga and fungi are decomposersGive examples if any ofa) predator/preyb) mutuali smc) commensalismd) parasitisme) allelopathy(a) birds prey on fish (b) lichen growing on mangrove tree (c) oysters andmangroves (d) mistletoe growing on mangrove bark (e) some fungi stunt thegrowth of other plants 7AdaptationList conditions found in mangrove ecosystem which makes colonization difficult.Little sunlight on floor, very wet, varying salinity.Identify and describe in detail.Mangrove: roots provide structural support in soft soil, also allows oxygen in though the surface.Ibis: lack of feathers on neck to reduce water logging, long beak to probe into mud, long toes to balance on mud.Grey mangrove: taller to reach out of canopy and get more sunlight for photosynthesis.River mangrove: leaves can regulate salinity, and turn in high heat to reduce water loss though evaporation. 8Human impact- Discuss at least three human impacts on this ecosystem. (include a positive one as well). Invasive introduced plants are affecting native plants at towra point. Plants like lantana and bitou bush take up space and steal resources from native plants ever since being introduced in the 1860s, introduced feral animals like foxes and rabbits pose a threat to native species. They eat native birds and other wildlife as well as causing erosion to the soil through burrowing. Many conservation programs are in place to reduce coastal erosion, regenerate habitat and kill non-native species.

Ethics and Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

Ethics and Governance - Essay Example According to Kant, it is morally wrong to lie. He argued, in general, business lies and it makes it difficult to obtain a balance credit if everyone lies. Kant also argued that ethics is irrelevant in the business because most business lies and behave immorally (ibid). In order to be ethical business, one must believe that shareholders and customer have dignity. They are valuable human beings and worth more than the stock or the price of the goods (ibid). Kant’s recipe for business management is (1) to treat people respectfully and consider they have dignity. Commercial transaction is not prohibited but one has to treat the others as an end not merely as a means. Acting deceptive in commercial transaction indicates dishonesty and lack of ethics, even without rational and moral capacities. This requires businesses not to coerce or deceive their shareholders or customers. Asymmetric information is common in business. Too often, managers or individuals with more information tend to consider themselves powerful and yet, are abusive to others. Kant suggested that (2) to reduce power abuse in business management, it is necessary there is open book management or transparency relationship between employers and employees. Said Bowie, when employees have full information, they have the incentive to behave responsibly. Case (1995) agreed with Kant concerning open book management. He said, open book management gives the opportunity to employees to take â€Å"a chance and act to take responsibility, rather than just doing their job†¦ gets people on the job doing things right†¦ teaches them to make smart decisions†¦ because they can see the impact of their decisions on the relevant numbers† (p. 45-46). The practice of open management would correct asymmetrical information the managers have (Bowie, 1999). Since managers have more information, they tend to abuse

Strategic Planning (Southwest Airlines) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Planning (Southwest Airlines) - Essay Example Strategic management has been defined by Meyer as â€Å"the process by which managers understand organisational goals; examining the future threats to, and opportunities for, an organisation; identifying strategies for dealing with these threats and opportunities; ensure organisational capability to implement these strategies; and continually monitoring the entire process to provide direction and support for accomplishing the strategic management objectives† (Tyndall, et al., 1990, p.9). The strategic management practices of Southwest airline have been discussed in the later part of this project. Strategic planning Southwest Airline has its unique business model that has been planned after considering the corporate strategy and business environment. The company has a strategic planning committee whose members possess an in-depth understanding of different functional activities. These members are responsible for analysing the business environment in the local market. They also use different business reports to analyse the core competency of the business. On basis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, this committee formulates the business strategy for Southwest Airline. The activity system formulated by the strategic planning committee is as follows: Figure 1: Southwest Airlines’ Activity system (Source: Hitt, Ireland & Hoskisson, 2009, p.104) The above given plan resents the factors like low profit margin, attraction and retention of local passengers, point to point routes and limits customer services. These are some of the core strategies on which whole of the Southwest Airline’s business model is based. Strategic implementation The responsibility of the strategic planning committee does not end only by formulating the strategies; it is also responsible for implementing these strategies. As for example, to achieve the strategy of limited passenger services, the management under guidance of the planning committee has list ed out the process to active this goal. The company decided not to offer free meals, no baggage transfer facility, just 15 minutes for gate turnaround and limited use to travel agents. All these actions assist the company to achieve the objective of low customer service. The company’s vision statement reflects that Southwest Airline is highly focused on its employee base. The strategic planning committee has planned to enhance productivity of the employees. For this the company is implemented higher play structure for the work force. Flexible union contracts have been developed to meet specific requirement of the employees. The company also offers high level of employee stock ownership. All this is done to motivate the employees as this will not just enhance their performance but will also reduce the employee turnover rate. Again, the company has identified business travellers as the target customer group because this group travels t a higher rate and prefer to go by low cot airline. With time the size of their customer group will increase and it will assist the airline to expand its market share. Strategic control The process of strategic management often fails in spite of a well developed strategic plan and a successful implementation process. This is because often the company fails to control the change introduced in the business process for long run. As a result, whole of the capital and the managerial time

Aims of the Practical Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Aims of the Practical - Lab Report Example In the end, the recipient would have an enhanced combination of genes, as they have been donated from the donor to the recipient (Carson, Miller and Witherow, 2011, 66). Therefore, research and pharmaceuticals have an aim of quantifying the appropriate actions that should be used in strengthening a gene by fusing some genes from a recipient to a donor. The aim of this practical is to associate the transportation of genes from one form of DNA to another combination. The recombination of the DNA is basically used to ensure the recipient is at a better state than the previous state. Therefore, finding an appropriate approach towards making a better solution in strengthening gene combination and DNA is a priority in this practical. For instance, when two genes are fixed together, the bonding creates a strong combination. With such a combination, it is evident that the recipient will be at an enhanced position in the daily functionality. It is considered that fusing two genes leads to enh anced activities in the DNA, which is appropriate in keeping a highly functioning gene combination. Materials and methods There is a wide variety of materials that should be used in this process. The materials are to be readily available, to show the importance of different combinations especially in the DNA field. The initial material that will be used in this practical is the FtsZ gene. This is a single celled alga that is indicated by the Pleurochrysis carterae (Pc-ftsZ). This is a highly active protein that is believed to be the vital structure being the division of mitochondrion in the body. The protein is solely responsible for highly initiating the reaction of the mitochondria to multiply at a higher rate. Therefore, using this material in the reaction will be dominant in making an increase in the mitochondria division. The second material to be used in this experiment will be a low-copy of plasmid pProEX. The low copy plasmid will be used in comparison to the second copy of plasmid. The third material is the high copy plasmid, which will be used with the pProEX (Carson, Miller and Witherow, 2011, 31). Inserting the pProEX into the high copy of the Plasmid will be the practical of showing the reaction of the two. The other materials to be used in this experiment are gathered pBluescript KS II which is positive (+). This is a material that is gathered from E. Coli. These will be followed by a double restriction of two enzymes, namely BamHI and HindIII. The reaction will lead to a release of FtsZ, which is also vital in the experiment. After insertion of FtsZ, it will be followed by isolating pBKS II DNA, which is done by inserting a restriction enzyme. As part of the reaction, a catalyst will be used. The catalyst in this experiment will be alkaline-phosphate (AP), which is also a treatment for the lenealised plasmid. Another function of the AP will be preventing any partially digested plasmid from re-circulating. Results Plasmids are considered to be vi tal in helping bacterial hosts, in that they are useful in preventing bacterial infections. They are useful in resistance to antibiotics and degradation of organic complexes. Therefore, it is a positive maneuver for the plasmids to be increased in their production. Reproduction of the genes in the combination will obviously come out with positive results. First, the body will be well prepared to deal with organic complexes.

Health Promotion and Health Education Assignment

Health Promotion and Health Education - Assignment Example By definition, health promotion, according to H. Seymour, is â€Å"aimed at delivering a â€Å"positive pursuit of fitness and wellbeing by means of a whole range of activities including health education, legal and environmental controls and influences on social and economic factors† (Seymour, 1984). On the other hand, WHO defines health education as the â€Å"Consciously constructed opportunities for learning involving some form of communication designed to improve health literacy, including improving knowledge, and developing life skills, which are conducive to individual and community health† (WHO, 2012) As to the points of perception where they overlap, both are driven to achieve a healthy world, that is, to have healthy individuals who make healthy decisions to manage their well being, community and environment. Both concepts work on the same sphere of interventions such as in the education, health, political, social, economic and environmental arenas to include policy making, empowering communities, better health treatment and care, among others. However, their methods, content and framework models of implementation are done differently. According to Howard Seymour, â€Å"both are not unitary but when looked at in details but from the point of view of their practice, all mirror various aspects of each other† (Seymour, 1984). Both are â€Å"regarded vital to society because both â€Å"address the risks that lead to diseases, reduce medical treatment costs, reduce costly premature deaths and disability, advocate and lobby for health legislation, among others† (Ã¢â‚¬Ë œHealth Education Specialist’, n.d.) and just about anything for the whole welfare of every individual living in this world. Their differences would start from the report that â€Å"health education still exists as a sub-set of overall health promotion activity†

Response Paper Guidelines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Response Paper Guidelines - Essay Example In the opening section of the article, Fitzhugh maintains that he established a quarterly journal in 1987 in order to help other students and teachers measure the outcomes of education. Thus, the journal, The Concord Review, offers the students a chance to publish the exemplary high school history essays. Another forum founded by Fitzhugh, the National Writing Board was concerned with providing an independent assessment of high school research papers and he maintains that the students of history have made good use of it. In the following sections of the article, the author recounts the nature of students’ term papers, and the significance and consequences of writing such papers, etc. He also suggests the various ‘forces’ or hazards that dumb down writing and nonfiction reading in the high schools. According to Fitzhugh, the encouragement and publicity given to serious nonfiction academic writing are not sufficient and the endeavors such as The Concord Review are n ot able to survive due to ‘very little money and few subscribers’.

Strategic Quality and System Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Quality and System Management - Essay Example Each of these phases requires careful planning, which operations management facilitates in achieving. Through specialisation of activities, it becomes possible to produce in mass quantities in short duration alongside of meeting the objectives of quality. The process of effective operations management involves setting up suitable facilities, procuring resources and developing effective supply chain strategies. Work force management, training and communicating with clients are also essential peripheral activities associated with operations management (Heizer, Render and Weiss, 2004). The prime motive of an operations management process is to develop systems which facilitate manufacturing quality goods and services. The system design includes phases such as product development, process planning and capacity panning (Slack, Chambers and Johnston, 2010). Product development is a vital part of the success of operations management process. The designed product must be as per the needs and objectives of the organisation. Products must be designed in a manner such that they offer differential benefits to customers as compared with existing competitors (Slack, Chambers and Johnston, 2010). Product designing process would broadly include two important phases, namely technical component and business component. The technical components would include planning for the required tools, machines and selecting the sequence of operations. The business component includes selecting proper human resource and management systems so that the output is achieved as per the pre establishe d plans and objectives of the organisation (Voss, Tsikriktsis and Frohlich, 2002). Process planning is a method which matches and allocates the resources required to different production activities, as per the product design. The capacity planning process includes forecasting demand and determining the type of resources which needs to be acquired

Response Paper Guidelines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Response Paper Guidelines - Essay Example In the opening section of the article, Fitzhugh maintains that he established a quarterly journal in 1987 in order to help other students and teachers measure the outcomes of education. Thus, the journal, The Concord Review, offers the students a chance to publish the exemplary high school history essays. Another forum founded by Fitzhugh, the National Writing Board was concerned with providing an independent assessment of high school research papers and he maintains that the students of history have made good use of it. In the following sections of the article, the author recounts the nature of students’ term papers, and the significance and consequences of writing such papers, etc. He also suggests the various ‘forces’ or hazards that dumb down writing and nonfiction reading in the high schools. According to Fitzhugh, the encouragement and publicity given to serious nonfiction academic writing are not sufficient and the endeavors such as The Concord Review are n ot able to survive due to ‘very little money and few subscribers’.

Project Management Plan for Restaurant Essay Example for Free

Project Management Plan for Restaurant Essay A factor analytic approach revealed that there were different consumer segments based on identified attitudes in the hospitality industry, developing their hospitality selection on different attributes of hospitality services. This requires specific marketing segment and management strategies. A repeated measure some six years later demonstrated the robustness of the identified consumer attitudes. The impact of the attitudes on consumer behaviour is demonstrated and areas of research are identified in which this hospitality monitor may better inform theory development and best practice. Keywords: Consumer behavior, Marketing, Attribute-value theory, Service quality ** Vera Toepoel is an assistant professor at Leisure Studies, Tilburg University, Netherlands. E-mail : V. [emailprotected] nl 76 Vera Toepoel Introduction Consumer trends come and go, affecting the extent to which individuals appreciate certain aspects of hospitality services, and over time this can have significant implications for businesses in the hospitality industry. It is important for the sector to understand what the current trends in consumer behavior are, which consumer segments exist, and how consumer ehavior will develop in the future. Verma, Plaschka, and Louvriere (2002) argue that it is imperative that businesses take into account consumer preferences when making decisions regarding product and service attributes. Understanding consumer choices is the key to successful management of hospitality services. According to attribute-value theory (Mowen and Minor, 1998), consumers base their choi ce on different attributes. Consumers may be attracted by price, by quality, by location etc. Consumers weigh up the overall value in terms of the presence and weight of each attribute. A favorable overall attitude is expected to result in repeat business. Over the last decades, several studies on market segmentation in the hospitality sector have demonstrated that consumers’ requirements of hospitality services differ between market segments. Market segmentation divides a market into distinct groups of buyers who might require different products or services. Understanding what various segments require and developing focused management strategies to fulfill these specific requirements are crucial to penetrating new markets and maintaining repeat business (Yuksel and Yuksel, 2002). The benefits of monitoring consumer attitudes seem evident. Incorporation of these attitudes into market segmentation and management is limited, however. In addition, although many segmentation studies have been performed in the hospitality sector (see John and Pine, 2002), research on stability over time is scarce. This study investigates which consumer segments exist in the hospitality sector in the Netherlands. A segmentation analysis based on consumer attitudes in the hospitality industry is used. This study demonstrates differences in personal characteristics and behavior of the identified consumer segments. The measure is repeated to demonstrate the robustness of results. In addition, the repetition of the measure demonstrates how segmentation studies can serve to monitor consumer trends over time. This research can be used to map consumer attitudes and assist hospitality organizations in designing effective market strategies to attract, satisfy, and retain consumers. Monitoring Consumer Attitudes in Hospitality Services: a Market Segmentation 77 Literature Reviews Since the 1970s a coherent theoretical structure has emerged to underpin consumer research. One of the main theories on consumer behavior believes that consumers base their choices on different attributes. These experiences may best be described by multi-attribute models (Mowen and Minor, 1998). These models identify how consumers combine their beliefs about product attributes to form attitudes. Consumers are considered to assess hotels, restaurants, cafes etc. through sets of attributes (Pizam and Ellis, 1999). Multiattribute models assume that consumers are using the standard hierarchy-ofeffects approach in which beliefs lead to attitude formation, which, in turn, leads to actual behavior. One of the most frequently used multi-attribute models is the attitude-towards-the-object model. Mowen and Minor (1998) describe this model in detail. It identifies three major factors that predict attitudes; the saliency of an attribute, the strength of the belief that a product or service has the attribute in question, and the evaluation of each of the salient attributes. Consumers weigh up the overall value in terms of the degree to which each attribute and its relevant weight is present (attribute-value theory). A favorable overall attitude is expected to result in repeat business. For a review of papers which have analyzed the attributes that are valued in the hospitality industry, see Johns and Pine (2002). The importance of the different attributes may differ per market segment. For example, one market segment may be attracted by a restaurant’s low price, another by its food quality, another by its location, and so on. Consumers assess certain attributes of the products, but the key factor is that this assessment is conditioned by the segment to which they belong. Consumers do not value attributes in the same way but in general terms. If they belong to the same segment they usually have similar attribute weighting coefficients. Hence there is a need to properly identify segments, so that managers can identify which attributes of specific services are valued by consumers in each segment. For this reason it is interesting to connect these attributes with the valuation of the different segments. The Dutch Research Institute for Recreation and Tourism (NRIT) claims in their report on trends in tourism, recreation, and leisure (2009) that due to the focus on the economic crisis focused marketing segmentation is an absolute must. Most studies on market segmentation focus on a three-step process of segmentation (who will come), targeting (what do they want), and positioning 78 Vera Toepoel (what can we offer). There are many studies dealing with consumer segmentation in the hospitality industry. For an exhaustive overview of different segmentation approaches and their pros and cons, see e. g. Bowen (1998) and Johns and Pine (2002). Traditionally, segmentation was based on demographic characteristics, later on other variables were used, e. g. geographic, psychographic, and behavioristic variables (Bowen, 1998). For example, Legoherel (1998) focuses on expenditure-levels in terms of consumers’ estimation of travel expenditures; Grazin and Olsen (1997) identify groups depending on their frequency of use with regard to fast food restaurants; Nayga and Capps (1994) relate demand for different types of restaurants to different socio-economic segments; and Binckley (1998) shows that population density has a powerful effect on demand. Victorino, Karniouchina, and Verma (2009) use segmentation based on consumers’ comfort with technology to tailor communication service to guests’ computing and connectivity needs. Oh and Jeong (1996) base their segmentation on characteristics of the organization: product, service, amenity, appearance, and convenience. Lewis (1981) finds that segments in restaurants differ in their opinions about the importance of several service attributes, while Bahn and Granzin (1985) find that nutritional concerns affected restaurant selection. As hospitality organizations provide a number of services, it seems appropriate to consider the benefits in terms of the attributes of the total service product provided (Bahn and Granzin, 1985). Much hospitality research reflects the broad theoretical structure of attribute-value theory. Thus a number of authors have studied hospitality attributes, but the authors disagree about the relative importance of the attributes (Johns and Pine, 2002). Clark and Wood (1996) attribute the differences in importance of attributes to different styles of hospitality services, e. g. types of restaurants. Differences could also come from different trends or cultures and even different types of survey questions, however. It is difficult to develop standardized questions to measure generalized attributes that are considered relevant to all hospitality services. Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry (1988) made a major contribution to the service industry by developing the SERVQUAL instrument. They demonstrated that service quality depends on five dimensions: reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangibles. The applicability of SERVQUAL in the hospitality industry is demonstrated by several studies (e. g. Bojanic and Rosen, 1994; Lee and Hing, 1995; Stevens, Knutson, and Patton, 1995). Although SERVQUAL summarizes service attributes in a theoretically satisfying way, it takes little account of differences in consumer’s wishes regarding service quality over time. In Monitoring Consumer Attitudes in Hospitality Services: a Market Segmentation 79 addition, each study on market segmentation in the hospitality industry reveals distinct consumer groups, but it is often unknown, however, whether the segmentation holds over time or in different settings. Research on stability in market segments over time is scarce (Dolnicar, 2006). Stability is essential as every segmentation solution is different. Only if a segmentation solution can repeatedly be found, does it give a secure basis to postulate existence of segments. In her study on market-segmentation in tourism over the recent decades, including papers in academic journals from 1981 until 2005, Dolnicar reports less than 14% of all studies reporting on any form of stability in market segmentation. Stability over time is claimed to be one of the most important potential developments in hospitality segmentation. The hospitality sector is always moving and all kinds of trends and developments influence the sector locally, nationally, and internationally. Therefore, it is important to monitor what hospitality consumers want. The Dutch Tourism Knowledge Centre, the Dutch umbrella organization for the hospitality sector, acknowledges in its report on consumer behavior (2000) that consumers found that hospitality businesses did not know what their consumers wanted. In 2002, the Dutch Tourism Knowledge Centre adapted the SERVQUAL instrument of Parasuraman et al. (1988) to five consumer attitudes in the hospitality sector , in order to better keep up with consumers’ wishes. The Moment Consumer (SERVQUAL: tangibles) chooses what is convenient at a certain place and time. Physical facilities, equipment, and appearance are found to be important attributes of hospitality services. This consumer is unpredictable and consumer loyalty is low. This consumer feels more and more the need for efficiency. Price is not an object of concern. Moment Consumers are sensitive for trends and tire of concepts relatively quickly. The Conscious Consumer (SERVQUAL: reliability) appreciates the ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately. The Conscious Consumer emphasizes nutrition, origins of products and security. Conscious consumers are concerned about the negative consequences of their behavior for the environment and their health. For the Assured Consumer (SERVQUAL: assurance), health and a good and safe environment are important. Under the influence of food scandals the emphasis is on natural and biological products. Consumers are driven to find alternatives if there are indications of potential risks. Information on the whereabouts of a product, the methods used for preparation, and â€Å"pure† products, are important attributes for this consumer. Violence and aggression have to be tackled by the hospitality business openly. The Healthy Consumer (SERVQUAL: responsiveness) values 80 Vera Toepoel â€Å"healthy† food. Colour, taste, form, structure, odor, and appearance are important attributes for a healthy lifestyle. The origins printed on products are also criteria for purchase. The Healthy Consumer buys at responsive businesses. The Experience Consumer (SERVQUAL: empathy) wants more than food or accommodation. Eating, drinking, and sleeping have to be experiences, where the consumer is able to participate in the business process and above all is surprised by the experience. The Experience Consumer wants individual attention and empathy from hospitality businesses. All of the identified groups value different attributes in the hospitality sector. Attitudes towards different attributes are found be related to demographics. Lea and Worsley (2005) find a significant effect of sex on hospitality beliefs. Bittencourt, Teratanavat, and Chern (2007) discuss household income, family size and composition, residential location, and age as important influencing factors on food and hospitality consumption. For example, age effects are associated with changes in nutritional requirements, tastes, and preferences due to aging and life cycle (Mori et al. , 2000). Cook (1994) discusses that spending on dairy products generally decreases with age, while spending on vegetables and fruits are higher in older age groups. Nayga and Capps (1993) give an overview of studies on food away from home and the socio-demographic factors considered. They find gender, urbanization, household composition, age, education, and income as most important factors influencing consumer behavior. Demographic factors can be used to predict differences in attitudes because the structure of demographic characteristics follows a specific pattern (Bittencourt et al. , 2007). It is important to take into account demographic characteristics to see how they influence consumers’ attitudes towards certain attributes. National policies can also influence consumer behavior and attitudes. At the time of this research, smoking policies were a hot topic in the hospitality sector. Although many businesses feared for their turnovers and some faced major losses due to the introduction of a smoking ban (Frumkin, 2004), other businesses did not notice any differences in consumer behavior before and after the introduction of the prohibition (Kramer, 1995), or even saw a business opportunity in it (Pratten, 2003). It is interesting to see how policy measures such as a smoking ban can have different effects on consumer segments. When hospitality businesses monitor which consumer segments they attract, it becomes more feasible to understand and react to national policies. In the remainder of this paper the five consumer attitudes are presented in a research instrument based on consumer segmentation, the Hospitality Monitor, together Monitoring Consumer Attitudes in Hospitality Services: a Market Segmentation 81 ith information attesting the reliability and validity of the scale and evidence that the construct is meaningful in analyzing consumer behavior. Methodology Design and implementation A research instrument was developed to distinguish different consumer segments in the hospitality industry based on the five consumer attitudes identified by the Dutch Tourism Knowledge Centre (2002). Since the boundaries between different attitudes are often blurred, the consumer attitudes were classified i nto the five main consumer service attributes of the SERVQUAL instrument (Parasuraman et al. 1988). These attitudes are clear and can be manipulated. The attitudes are useful for all sectors in the hospitality industry, from drinking, eating, to accommodation. About ten items per attitude were constructed to differentiate between attitudes. The research instrument consisted of 50 items measured on a five-point Likert scale. Items are presented in Appendix A. The score on each attitude indicates the respondent’s attitude towards the topic. Questions on gender, urbanization, household composition, age, education, income, and the smoking ban were also taken into account. Longitudinal measurements reveal the augmentation or weakening of certain attitudes. To demonstrate, the exact same measure was repeated some six years later. The questionnaires were fielded in the CentERpanel, an online household panel consisting of more than 2,000 households administered by CentERdata. The panel aims to be representative of the Dutch-speaking population in the Netherlands, including those without Internet access. The CentERpanel is based on a household probability sample selected by Statistics Netherlands, the national statistical agency. Households with no Internet access when recruited were provided with a so-called Net. Box, enabling a connection via a telephone line and a television set. If the household did not have a television, CentERdata provided that, too (see Appendix B for details about the panel). Data collection for Wave 1 took place in August 2003; 1644 panel members were selected and 1410 responded (response percentage 85. 7%). Data collection for Wave 2 took place in March 2009; 2446 panel members were selected and 1677 responded (response percentage 68. 6%). The demographics in both samples are roughly the same, as can be seen in Appendix C. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 17. 82

Calibration and Preventive Maintenance Program

Calibration and Preventive Maintenance Program Regulations of the regulatory authorities like FDA and EU require that all the firms have program for calibration and preventive maintenance for test as well as measurement equipments. Preventive maintenance program is one of the most importance aspects for GMP inspection as it ensures the efficient GMP operations. Any equipments either it is automatic or manually operated will perform its functions properly and are used for manufacturing, processing, packaging, labeling or holding of drug products; it is mandatory that it will be timely calibrated, inspected and checked for errors according to the written program which is specially designed to assure the best performance of the equipments. This paper mainly discusses the importance of the calibration and Preventive Maintenance program for any industry because it is very important for any firm that the equipments produce the products having its predetermined specification. Introduction Definition of Calibration: It is a set of operation that performs under specific conditions to verify the values/data obtained by comparison of two instruments or measuring devices one of which is a standard of known accuracy (Traceable to national standards). It is used to detect, correlate, report or eliminate any of the discrepancy in accuracy of instruments or measuring devices when being compared to the standard. [1] Calibration is one type of comparison but it is not an adjustments. Definition of Preventive Maintenance: It is a care or service provided by personnel to maintain the equipment or facility in satisfactorily working conditions by providing inspections, detection and correction of failures before they occur. Basically they are conducted to keep the instrument in working conditions and to extend the life of the instrument.[2] Background Information Today lots of equipment and measuring systems are used in pharmaceutical industry. During pharmaceutical manufacturing operations, these equipments are used to control and record the GMP process parameters because these parameters are mandatory to fulfill the quality requirements of the particular process as well as product. As I earlier mentioned that calibration is just a comparison and to document the record of differences when calibration is performed between the actual equipment and the standard equipment. But it is mandatory to calibrate the equipments timely to get the best results and minimizations of errors. For PM, its one type of maintenance of measuring system or equipments before any error will occur. Basically PM is divided into two subparts. (1) Planned PM and (2) condition based. The key difference between these two subparts is time required for maintenance. The risks which are involved during performing PM are human errors and product failure. Preventive Maintenance is performed by repairing the equipments or by the replacing the defective part of the equipment before any error or product failure will occur. [1] Main advantages of PM are: improvement in the reliability of system, decrease in replacement cost and time, and inventory management system is also improved. Requirements of Regulatory Authorities Calibration program is required by the regulatory authority (FDA) under section 21 CFR part 211.68 and Preventive maintenance and calibration program is required by FDA under section 21 CFR part 211.67. Calibration requirements for Lab instruments under section 21 CFR part 211.67 are: specific directions, schedule, limit of accuracy and precision remedial action and system to prevent usage of instrument which are failed to calibrate. [2] Requirements for manufacturing area: FDA requires that each manufacturing area of the facility has written calibration and written preventive maintenance procedures. They must have qualified personnel to calibrate and maintain the equipments which are again rechecked by other qualified person. They must have one representative to monitor the calibration and PM program. And finally the whole process of calibration and PM is reviewed and approved in the terms of quality. Requirements for equipment master list: [1] In any manufacturing area or any laboratory, lots of instruments are used thats why FDA requires that there should be a system in facility that can identify the instruments which are related to GMP. For identification purpose it must have serial no. model no. and location but if the instruments are tracked by configuration then this information is not mandatory. And there should be a written procedure that area used to determine whether calibration and PM is required for particular instrumentation or not. Instrument Identification and calibration status[1] Initial step for the calibration PM program is to identify the instrument. Instruments are identified and characterize in the terms of criticality. Some instruments are critical and some are non critical. Some instruments have effects on environment so identified as environmental critical instrument. In the same way some has direct impact on product quality known as GMP critical instruments. Step by step process to identify an instrument and calibration status is: Each instrument is given unique identification number. Details for instrument (model no, serial no, location) are available and documented Every instrument is labeled with its unique identification number. Calibration history (calibration status, date of calibration, date for next calibration, details of person who is performing calibration) Use of calibration logs, calibration sticker and MAXIMO to document calibration status. There should be a system which prevent the use of non-qualified instruments, damaged instruments and non-calibrated and those who expired the calibration period to minimize the errors. Also some instruments do not require calibration or factory calibrated for certain period of time so there should be a system to identify those instruments. Traceability of standards and calibration tolerance Reference equipment or calibration equipment which is used as standard should be traceable to national standard. In the absence of recognized standards, an independent reproducible standard can be used. The tolerance of the reference standard is higher than the other equipment which is going to be calibrated. And there should be a system available to monitor the expiration date of reference standard and other re-certification requirements. Two types of tolerance level in calibration: (1) Alert level: Up to this level the instrument can be adjust to its required range. (2) Action level: Its known as out of tolerance limit. At this level investigation is required for because we cant make any adjustment at this level. If tolerance is between the Alert and Action level than thats fine and investigation is not required. [1.6] 7. Calibration and Maintenance Frequency After consideration of traceability of reference standard and calibration tolerance, the thing we need to know is frequency of calibration and maintenance because some instruments need frequent calibration. Basically the frequency of calibration depends on the type and nature of instruments. Some important criteria which we can take in the consideration during calculation of frequency of calibration and maintenance are listed below. Manufacturers recommendations and process requirements Environmental conditions like temp, pressure, humidity and vibration. History of calibration and history of repair. 8. Calibration and maintenance procedure (SOP) There should be a documented SOP for conducting the calibration and preventive maintenance for each type of instrumentation. Most of the time during calibration, measurement of errors is found exceeded to its limit by one or more designated point as it was shown in figure: 1 as As found and secondly calibration is carried out to verify its predetermined tolerance limit which is shown in the figure: 1 as As left. The SOP for calibration must includes accuracy and precision limits and what are the remedial actions should be taken if this limits do not meet with each other. There should be an authorized department to perform and monitor calibration and maintenance. The SOP must contain the step by step calibration instructions, instrumentation manual, proper calibration procedures, provisions for adjustments, provisions for record and document the actual measurement reading before and after doing adjustment. Record/Documentation for calibration and maintenance Documentation for calibration and PM is very important as from this historical data we are able to minimize errors for future perspective. Actual measurements and the data obtained after adjustment are recorded as shown in the Figure: 1. Documentation must includes the tolerance limit, full details of the reference standard used and complete details of the person who did the calibration. All these documentations are reviewed periodically by authorized person to make the adjustment in the frequency of calibration when recalibration of the instruments will be carried out in future. Today most of the pharmaceutical companies are using computerized calibration management system to plan and record the calibration activities in their firm. Computerized system is more convenient and efficient than the traditional paper work. You can save the data for longer time. At the beginning, the computerized system is not popular much but after the introduction of 21 CFR part 11 electronic records and electronic signature, most of the organizations adopted it. Out of tolerance (OOT) calibration result When we found that the particular instrument is outside of its predetermined calibration limits which is also known as Action limit or OOT. If we found OOT calibration result, first scenario is to take corrective actions as soon as possible. We can take corrective actions like repair, re-calibration, and replacement of defective part or permanent removal of instrument if the errors cannot be corrected by above actions. Firm can issue OOT notification to the vendor and the notification must includes current calibration data, severity of OOT error and full details of last successful calibration. It is mandatory that QA department immediately stop the production for a while till the issue is solved. Here the role of PM is important as it will stop the reoccurrence of the error. As OOT results highly impact on the quality of the product and also responsible for batch failure, it is mandatory to find out the root cause for the occurrence of these errors. At least it will help us to preven t the re-occurrence of particular error. Change control management and CAPA approach Under change control management program, we are able to make changes in calibration tolerance, frequency and procedure. Also we can add another new program to avoid errors or permanent removal of current program to avoid inconvenience. Change in the environment or change in the location is also solution suggested by this program. Each and every step should be documented properly. This program also suggests revalidation, re-execution and revision of IQ, OQ and PQ of the instruments. Timely revision, periodic review and approval by authorized person at every stage are the key points of this program. CAPA stands for corrective actions and Preventive actions. CAPA is an important analytical tool to solve lot of issues. CAPA is a concept of Good Manufacturing practice (GMP). CAPA mainly concentrate on the systematic investigation of the failures and deviations occurred during process to prevent their reoccurrence in the terms of corrective actions and also prevent from reoccurrence in terms of preventive action. [5] CAPA ensures that the corrective actions and Preventive actions that are under taken to prevent failure are highly effective and reliable. CAPA is an important tool of the overall Quality Management System (QMS). If any company wants to have best quality management system in their firm, they should implement CAPA to their firm. CAPA ensures the best quality products with the lower cost and less time. Software used for calibration and PM Lots of softwares are used for calibration and PM at industrial scale. This computerized system has more efficiency and guaranteed the best results. Calibration software Quality Calibration Management system (QCMS) is complete instrument and designed according to the requirements of 21 CFR part 11. This software ensures regulatory compliance and also traceability. It will help to improve the reliability of plant and optimize the administrative costs. It will help to increase in the productivity as well as efficiency. 12.2 Preventive maintenance software RCM turbo is very popular PM software. Traditional approach took years to complete just one PM but by using this RCM turbo, anyone can quickly go for PM. This software directs us through EMEA process. But the thing is it will go through quickly and efficiently. It is 100 % reliable and will allow you do risk assessment Conclusion In conclusion, I would like to say that calibration and preventive maintenance are very important aspects of any instrument. To get the best results with the instruments, it is mandatory to inspect and calibrate the instruments periodically as it is also required by regulatory authorities. Preventive maintenance definitely improves the life of the instruments but timely implementation of PM is very important. Non-calibrated instruments and lack of PM has directly impact on the product quality, so it required that every manufacturing area in the firm has proper program for validation and PM. We cant neglect the importance of PM because it will prevent the re-occurrence of errors. SOP for calibration and PM is also valuable aspect as it will help to record data, minimize the severity of risk and provides step by step procedure to follow. CAPA approach is one of the most important quality management tools as it will help to correct the errors and to prevent the re-occurrence of errors b y preventive actions. Implementation of CAPA tool in calibration will definitely good for instruments. Revision of 21CFR part 11 strongly suggests adopting computerized software system to every firm because of its convenience and efficiency. Softwares used for calibration and PM as I discussed in the paper like QCMS and QMS turbo etc. are 100 % reliable, so I would like to suggest every firm to adopt this computerized software system for their calibration and PM program.